Scaring The Hell Out Of People - 1429 Words

Scaring the Hell Out of People Defining the Threat of Hell as a Result of Morality Dante’s Inferno documents the epic journey that Dante and Virgil take into the afterlife, particularly the afterlife that involves the morally corrupt. They take a journey to hell, and see all of the people who have been damned because of the actions they did, or didn’t do, during their lifetimes. A question is posed when the topic of hell is brought up: Does the threat of hell cause people to act more or less moral? When Dante experienced hell firsthand, did it cause him to look differently at his life, and what he should’ve been doing to allow himself to stay away from hell? Most commonly, hell is thought about in the eyes of religion. Most religions believe that if you act a certain way, or perform certain acts, you will be granted access to heaven. However, if you do not do what you are supposed to during your lifetime, you will be condemned to hell. This threat causes many religious people to act more moral ly than they might naturally, and follow the guidelines that will allow them into a pleasurable afterlife. As stated in Hell, Religion, and Cultural Change, â€Å"A common feature of religions is that they provide information about the afterlife... But many religions promote doctrines about the afterlife that are literally the antithesis of bliss. Hell’s objective, in any of its various incarnations, is to minimize consumer utility.† ( Hull) Basically, hell is commonly used as a concept toShow MoreRelatedThe Hand Of An Angry God By Jonathan Edwards970 Words   |  4 Pagescongregation so that they won’t perish and go to hell. My Pastor uses similar approaches like this when she preaches. In â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† Edwards uses frightening words and religious metaphors to divert people from the congregation from the sins and condemning them to hell if they provoke the wrath of God and to establish that everyone should be fearful of him . Throughout the story Edwards used many strong condemning phrases so that people would be firm in God and not sin. For instanceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hands Of An Angry God 966 Words   |  4 Pagescongregation so that they won’t perish and go to hell. My Pastor uses similar approaches like this when she preaches. In â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† Edwards uses frightening words and religious metaphors to divert people from the congregation from the sins and condemning them to hell if they provoke the wrath of God and to establish that everyone should be fearful of him. Throughout the story Edwards used many strong condemning phrases so that people would be firm in God and not sin. For instanceRead MoreReverend Edwards And The Great Awakening923 Words   |  4 Pagesfigurative language. By constructing a sermon that relied heavily on imagery and repetition Edwards created an enduring image of hell and how one can be saved from its wretched realities. Edwards cuts straight to the core of his argument within the first paragraph when he generalizes all men in, â€Å"So that, thus it is that natural men are held in the hand of God, over the pit of hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are already sentenced to it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . In starting his sermon in such a bold way Edwards commandsRead More1.12 The Crucible Quotes774 Words   |  4 Pagesdescription states â€Å"a well-to-do, hard-handed landowner, near fifty†, it does not tell us much about him. However, his description in page 22, he is called â€Å"vindictive†, instantly revealing more about his character. The line â€Å"so many accusations against people are in the handwriting of Thomas Putnam† reveals that he is more kindred to his wife than we first expected. Act 1: â€Å"They believed, in short, that they held in their steady hands the candle that would light the world.† ThisRead MoreEdwards : Not The King Of Emotion?1433 Words   |  6 PagesSimilarly, Martin Luther King Jr., a minister and civil rights leader, spurned the nonviolent civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He challenged the deeply embedded roots of segregation within the southern white community and especially called out eight members of the Birmingham clergy for not supporting fellow Christians in the nonviolent protest for civil rights. Both Edwards and King alike use specific figures of speech to evoke emotion in their audiences; however, they differ in their utilizationRead MoreAnalysis of Dante ´s Inferno Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesDante’s Inferno is a very important piece of literature. There are many things to be learned from it, from the face value knowledge that Hell is a bad place, to a deeper understanding of how God intended us to live; but the most important lesson to be learned here is the power of allegory. Nancy Thuleen says this about it. â€Å"Dantes portrayal of Hell in the Inferno is an undisputed masterpiece of visual and allegorical imagery, enriched not only by extensive use of figurative language, but by concreteRead MorePersonal Experience: The Chaser1608 Words   |  6 Pagesher weapons were completely hidden by a secret compartment that Sam had installed in the bag. Nodding, she closed her bag, grabbed her iPhone and earphones and walked out of her room. She headed for the front door and was about to turn the knob when Marla saw her. â€Å"Going out?† she asked. Paula turned around and saw Marla coming out of the kitchen holding a plate of sliced apples. â€Å"Yeah, going at the theme park with a friend,† she smiled. â€Å"I’ll be back later. Just tell the others if they ask. ByeRead MoreMy Goal Is to be a Mom Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesgood scaring to set them straight. A Mom is a force to be reckoned with if one of her children steps out of line. Punishment is inevitable and will always strike fear in the hearts of all near. And hell have no fury if someone were to even think about hurting one of her babies. Even dads will cower and run for cover when in her shadow of power. Don’t mess with a Mom or there will be nothing left to bury. Also do not lie to a Mom†¦ she will always know. Those eyes in the back of her that people areRead MoreGod’s Unconditional Love vs. God’s Unending Anger Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesthey will go to hell. This is a very familiar message that is preached by Christian religious leaders in places of worship around the world. As simple as this message may seem, the way it is delivered to the people makes all the difference in either turning them into believers, or scaring them away from religion altogether. John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards were both religious leaders that lived centuries before the present time. They shared the same goal in persuading people into ChristianityRead MoreThe Results of Sin on the Unredeemed 1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthick brick wall. This train has no brakes, the engineer just died, and the passengers have a short time to live. However, hope abounds – someone can save them. Salvation reaches out to them, expressing love and compassion and exposing its power so save any of them would have just reach out. However, they must reach out in faith, and accept the salvation freely offered, but will they do it. They know there can be no other way of escaping their eventual death. The Savior knows the emanate danger

Poultry Management System Free Essays

A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives. Businesses today are developing and upgrading their system into more high level system to lessen the time and effort of performing their complex jobs. Comparing to their old system like their MS Excel System in inventory, sales, monitoring and production they are now implementing a system that manages all their complex transactions. We will write a custom essay sample on Poultry Management System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the global arena, Willmar Poultry Company (WPC), one of the largest turkey poultry producers in United States operates in the production of turkeys and other livestock. Moreover, they prefer to have a solution which both strong in manufacturing and financing area. Further, they want to streamline data entry and reporting, increase in flexibility and functionality, and improve data access and decision making capabilities. So, in managing all their diverse transaction, WPC implemented the system, Microsoft Business Solutions-Axapta. (Willmar Poultry Company, 2000) In the national scene, Maya farms, a large integrated farm located some 40 km from the city of Manila. It maintains some 60,000 pigs, 12,000 egg-type chickens and a few hundred heads of cattle. Soon after the embargo in 1973, Maya farms started experimenting on the industrial uses of biogas generated from the manure produced by their livestock. It developed systems that enabled the farm to use methane gas from the manure as substitute for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and as source of energy to run internal combustion engines that power its deep-well water pumps, feed mixers and generators and some other electric equipment in the farm. After they succeeded the implementation of the biogas, they developed a system that focuses on their transactions especially on their purchasing, selling and giving inventory in mid 90’s. After several years of developing new system that would manage their fast growing farm, they successfully implemented their new system â€Å"Livestock Inventory System† which caters to their diverse transactions like purchasing and selling of chickens and other livestock. (Integrated Livestock – Fish Production System, 2000) Locally, a company that maintains egg-type chickens in their farm is (LBF) Lacia Breeder Farm located at Taglono, Toril, Davao City. The farm seeks innovative ways to improve the health of their breeding stock. Moreover, the farm needs faster decision making, secured records, and powerful reporting every time they see and need the data. Since, they are using MS Excel System in recording and processing their transaction they encountered problems that would prolong their decision making in improving the farm. Moving forward, Lacia Breeder Farm’s passion for innovation continues as they seek out and discover new technology that will provide them with distinct competitive advantages necessary in providing the highest quality poultry at the greatest value to the customers and consumers. Hence, they recognize that the future is only a day away and are always considering new ideas and technology as they continue their relentless commitment to innovation. In response to their innovation, the researchers have proposed a system called Poultry Management System that would help the farm in managing their diverse transactions. Statement of the Problem The Lacia Breeder Farm (LBF) is using MS Excel for their transactions in the farm. While, using the old system, LB Farm encounter problems which cause them delay in transacting businesses of the farm. Moreover, in using the their existing system for a long period of time there is a need of a reliable, secure and fast management system to handle their diverse transactions and to strengthen their operations. Based on our interviews of the farm manager, the problems found upon using their existing system have been identified. There is a delay in generating reports. Upon using the MS Excel application, it would take several days in producing reports because the management still has to gather all the data. They have to encode all the gathered data and looked to their columnar to check if the reports and data are the same as recorded in their columnar book. They also have to encode each data again and again in every transaction that they have done and categorized each data into particular reports. Duplication of data is essential for back-up purposes but in this case, LBF produced a redundant report that would delay them in their decision making. Thus, in determining the history of their transactions and reports of their inventory still they have to scroll over their old system and find the necessary data of that particular report. Moreover, this could cause the disorganization of reports that would hinder their operation. It would also delay them to generate reports, since the data will not be automatically updated in their MS Excel System. Stocks are not monitored properly. Since they are using the Microsoft Excel for the monitoring of their feeds and medicines, the farm management encountered a problem in determining if there is still available stock in their stockroom because in Microsoft Excel, although it calculates the remaining stocks, the management still needs constant monitoring to their MS Excel just to determine if there are stocks available. Moreover, if this happened they will check the stockroom how many feeds and medicines available. They have to calculate again from their columnar and notebooks the consumed feeds and medicines to determined the availability of the stocks. There is miscalculation of data that leads to inaccurate result. While using the MS Excel System, the management is hesitant to use the formula for their MS Excel because sometimes it will be modified by the user. There are also instances that they are confused on the accuracy of the result of their MS Excel System because the user or the manager inputs a wrong formula that makes the calculation inaccurate and it can only be identified once double-checked. This would also create confusion in determining the stock’s availability and accuracy of the files and records in inventory of their products. The records and files are misplaced. The daily, weekly, monthly and yearly reports are misplaced for once it had been recorded in their MS Excel and printed, the hard copy will be compiled in a folder without label and placed on top of the table because they don’t have proper cabinet for storage. Some records are thrown in the garbage if it is assorted to the old files and it is hard to find the files for it was thrown away. Some records are also misplaced by the manager for he will bring them in their main office in Panabo; sometimes he left them on his car or misplaced somewhere else. This is why files and records are hard to find during retrieval. Furthermore, they will consume too much time in retrieving the misplaced files because they have to scan all their unlabeled folders, to their assorted files and in case of lost of file/s. They have to scroll over to their MS Excel System just to find the needed data because some data and files are in the farm and others are in the main office at Panabo which took so long because of the distance between the farm and the office. And also, they have to check on their columnar book back again to get the files that were lost. Files are unsecured. The files that are supposed to be viewed and accessed only by the manager are viewed and accessed by unauthorized personnel due to lack of security privacy of their MS Excel system. Based on what we have seen in their MS Excel System, they don’t have a security like asking password every time they accessed the files. When the manager is not in the office, the caretaker or employee could view and access the confidential files and could even change and erase the data recorded. They could easily hacked on other files which is not supposed to be accessed by unauthorized personnel since it is easy to accessed the system because of the lacking of security. Even, they could ruin the entire program or changing the program set up. And, change the formula which leads to a wrong output. There are also chances of data lost once it was accessed by the caretaker or other employee. The manager has to evaluate again the encoded data to double check and to ensure the files that have not been purge and change. Assumption of the Study This study aims to develop the management system of Lacia Breeder Farm to provide fast and accurate farm transaction. Based on the identified problem, this study assumes to: Generate accurate and particular reports in every transaction. Through using this management system, it would give them a report on a particular transaction. This would help them to analyze and decide what the next move to further improve their farm. Moreover, this would lessen the encoding process of the data because it can generate automatically the reports after the data are encoded. It will not block any operations of the farm because it can generate reports easily. Thus, this system automatically updated reports that needed on particular operations. Provide convenient way of monitoring the stocks. Through using this management system, it would give the management an update monitoring of the stocks availability. This would lessen the work in encoding, retrieving and processing manually all the data encoded and needed. Provide a system that can give accurate calculation of data. This gives proper calculation of data and gives accurate result since the formula is embedded and cannot be accessed by someone else. Hence, it would determine, give accurate result and proper calculation of the stock remained in the stockroom. Provide proper storage for all records and files. This management system provide proper storage for it has a big storage system which the database of the system. It would help the management in easily searching the files that are lost. It provides an update detail of the files and records to be retrieve. Further, it fastens the time consumed in retrieving data. And, they will not anymore scan all the files, records and columnar book just to find the needed lost data. Provide a system that has security like asking password. It would not allow any user to access the system to secure all the file/s and record/s inside. It will give the management a better and safe data for further uses. Hence, only those registered users can access, view and add data. These would be a great help for the farm for they do not have anymore double check the records and files for it is secure. Thus, categorized personnel have their own category in accessing the data for example; the manager can access all the detailed, confidential and important data while other users have a limitation. Review of Related Literature To provide a background and framework of the investigation, selected literature related to the study are presented in this section. These include theories, systems, principles, concepts and views, which have a direct bearing to the variables of the study. Poultry is any domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, raised for food, meat or eggs (Grolier New Webster’s Dictionary) is the main product of the poultry farm before developing any computerized information system to manage the transactions accurately and reliably. Based on the research, the following are the factors should be considered in managing the farm which is important in developing a system for poultry farm and to understand the processes involved (Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 2005). Hatching. The development of a mechanical setter and Hatcher has permitted the large scale production of chicks with little labor. While many of the eggs produced on the farms are unfertilized, only those eggs which are fertilized will hatch. Fertilized eggs can be purchased from breeding operations, or by the successful mating of a rooster and a hen by natural methods or by using artificial insemination. Turkey production relies on the use of artificial insemination to produce fertile eggs. The continuous genetic selection for turkeys with large breast muscling has resulting in many breeds which are no longer capable of copulating because of their large and awkward size. How to cite Poultry Management System, Essay examples

Knife in the water Essay Example For Students

Knife in the water Essay Bethany SimpkinsDr. StegeFYS 101.01727 March 2005Knife in the WaterRoman Polanski uses the camera throughout his film Knife in the Water to represent the numerous differences between the characters and specifically how he wanted them to be portrayed. Polanski uses the camera to bring the audience directly into the tense, energetic, and insightful nature of his scenes. Through these characteristics he is able to display these characters as dysfunctional, maybe even touching on similarities to many humans in society. Because of this, Polanski found great success in his specific uses of camera techniques and depictions of his characters. The detailed scenes found throughout Knife in the Water help illustrate the prevailing obsession, intensity, and discomfort hovering over the three characters. The camera manipulations begin right away in the film and proceed till the end with the characters and their settings as the only focus. The audience first views the relationship of the married couple, Krystyna and Andrzej through an unclear car windshield, reflecting the vast empty trees around them. Because of this lack of insight into the opening scene, the audience can only assume the two are a couple by their closeness shown in the car, although it seems to be uncomfortable for them. This gives the idea that they have been together for sometime and have brushed off the need for communication. The closeness Polanski uses to depict the couple in every scene is soon broken up by the newly added third party, the young hitchhiker. By giving him no name, Polanski seems to have him solely represent the drastic contrast between the couple and him. Because of this beginning comparison, the tension between the characters starts to form. The tension also forms in the sense that the charact ers have no specific roles yet, leaving them all competing for dominance in this situation. The drive for dominance begins with the young hitchhiker and Andrzej when Andrzej orders the young man to coil up the rope. Polanskis close up of Andrzej and positioning of him over the young man show he wants to be considered the dominant one in this event. The view of the youth from the camera in this scene shows his child-like qualities when he calls Andrzej a drill sergeant, but then completes the task anyhow. Tension between these two men continues when the knife is first shown. Polanski keeps the hitchhiker in the foreground and the couple in the background to once again show their differences, as well as the building tension. The couple is depicted close together again, while the young boy seems to control this scene. This infers that the boy holds power over them that can be seen as if it is through his own eyes. This view from the characters eyes is once again used with Andrzej when he watches his wife and the young boy walk across the pier together. The view is extremely effective in creating a build up of even more tension between the two men. This rivalry finally becomes dismantled when Krystyna and the hitchhiker are alone on the boat together. The close up of the two and their kiss creates sexual tension and victory for the young boy over Andrzej. These visual effects make it easy for Polanski to demonstrate and depict the true qualities of the characters and the tension between them all. Polanski uses other camera manipulations to help display the tension between the three characters as well as their isolated state from the rest of society. This can be seen in all of Polanskis long shots of the boat on the lake or of the couples car. There is never another boat or car ever shown in any of the scenes. This causes a desolate feeling and complete and utter hopelessness for the three. On the other hand, it also adds to the tension because of the newly shown loneliness of each character. The positioning of the three characters on the boat also shows the tension in a triangular sense, making the known statement threes a crowd seem true in this instance. Polanski also concentrates on the characters feet numerous times in the film. This helps show a characters change of action, emotion, or decision

The Construction of Brazilian Identity in Japan

The book ‘No One Home’ by Linger (2001) is a study that mainly focuses on the fieldwork data collected through interviewing a large number of people on the identity of Nikkei living and working in Japan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Construction of Brazilian Identity in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Nikkei are as a result of the Japanese government allowing the Japanese immigrants a bonafide existence in japan. In the study, we are introduced to a situation where the Brazilian factory workers were subjected to tough and poor working conditions characterized by hard detrimental physical activities due to their unascertained identity. This humiliation is further extended to various social institutions. For example, in Japanese schools, the Nikkei’s children are subjected to cultural, educational, and other forms of segregation that render their lives intolerable and demean th eir value as human beings. The leaders in various groups would subject the Nikkei to varying kinds of torture whenever they identified them. In this pretext, the Nikkei came back to their Japanese homes only to be faced with total rejection by the very people they once termed as their own. According to Linger (2001), it was a bit difficult for the Japanese government to recognise the original identity of the Nikkei. Their presence and uniqueness raised questions in the social and corporate sectors. This then led to a perception that the Nikkei were not of Japanese origin and are seen as imposters. However they are neither eradicated nor deported but they are rather asked to offer subsidy to those willing to return to South America (Linger, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This led to conduction of a survey with an intention of establishing facts underlying the situation togethe r with the public’s opinion on the government’s initiative. The survey was conducted on various groups of people with the Nikkei’s children included. Some of the common questioned posed to the respondent were if they aware of the existence of the Nikkei in Japan. Moreover, the respondents were supposed to elaborate how they acquired the knowledge on the existence of the Nikkei. An analysis of the data collected proved that 53 percent of the respondents knew very little of the Nikkei’s existence. The rest 47 percent of those interviewed claimed they were not aware of their existence. This failure may be attributed to the fact that most of the Nikkei lived in the unindustrialized parts of the country. It was also established that the highest registration of persons was achieved in 2007 with nearly four hundred South Americans registering their nationality in Japan (Linger, 2001). It was publicly assumed all over Japan that the Nikkei were the cause of the r ising criminal tendencies. They linked this to the results of the survey which revealed a very small percentage of Japanese that had any interactions with the Nikkei. It is noted that the National Police Agency was the major institution spearheading this misconception that the criminal activities were conducted by numerous foreigners in Japan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Construction of Brazilian Identity in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The data collected from the survey further indicated that a high percentage of the respondents claimed that the Nikkei had to learn the Japanese culture, language, and customs before they came to Japan. They further advocated for the Nikkei to work and earn for their daily needs and reduce their dependency levels (Linger, 2001). In an effort to establish the identity of Brazil in Japan, the government came up with certain measures that would enhance assimilation . This included fostering the children to learn the Japanese language and use of interpreters for the Nikkei at the work place. In a survey conducted in relation to this, a high percentage of the respondents were in favour of the government’s intention. However, their response was highly questioned by the Nikkei who claimed skepticism in their words and actions. The Nikkei claimed presence of evident signs of probation-like treatment. In one incident one of the Nikkei claimed to have witnessed unwelcoming habits which included the posting of threatening messages in the work place where the gaijin movement had been forewarned of being under constant watch since they are associated with criminal activities (Linger, 2001). This is a clear indication that even though there were people who had no problem with the government’s project, a vast majority of the people were not pleased with the move. This is evidenced by the kind of environment they are subjected to both at work and the society together with the messages addressed to them.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The results of the survey conducted in establishing the perception of the citizens about the Nikkei was of great significance to the government, as it was used in determining the steps to take in the Brazil identification project. The results helped the government unravel the cause of the slowed integration of the Nikkei with the rest of the Japanese society. This is because people often offer lip service but in the end contradict their words with their actions. The government’s efforts for enhancing the initiative are seen in conducting a non-biased survey which they further posted on public websites in order to obtain public opinion. Reference Linger, D. (2001). No one home: Brazilian selves remade in Japan. Web. This essay on The Construction of Brazilian Identity in Japan was written and submitted by user James Kidd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Saving Private Ryan Analysis of the first half-hour of the film and how it assaults our senses with horrifying noises and images Essays

Saving Private Ryan Analysis of the first half-hour of the film and how it assaults our senses with horrifying noises and images Essays Saving Private Ryan Analysis of the first half-hour of the film and how it assaults our senses with horrifying noises and images Paper Saving Private Ryan Analysis of the first half-hour of the film and how it assaults our senses with horrifying noises and images Paper Essay Topic: Film The assault The first half-hour of Saving Private Ryan is a massive attack of colours sound and horrifyingly realistic pictures. The first thing you see as the camera zooms into the old James Ryans eye after the war, at the memorial graveyard in France, is a dulled shaky image of a boat sailing the English channel. There is a storm rocking the boat wildly side to side containing a group of scared young men, vomiting, praying, and shivering with fear. This is so unlike other Hollywood films straight from the beginning, the colours are dulled very much like the style English dramas have adopted over the years, and won numerous awards for. It is filmed in a documentary style; it is a though the camera has gone out into the real world and brought back these shockingly realistic pictures that will horrify the mothers, wives and families of all those fighting the war at the time. The sound is shockingly realistic, as the bullets ping around on the speakers you realise the confusion the men on the beaches must have gone though on that day. The first half-hour makes you realise soldiers are not machines they are human beings with emotions such as fear and most definitely pain. Pain is projected to us in many ways in Saving Private Ryan The image of the young boy who must not have been over 20 with his guts pouring out on the beach, screaming for his mother, while men raced past him for cover. The man whos arm gets blown of by a German mortar and then picks it back up as though he does it every day, the shock must have played with his senses so he could not tell he was in an extreme amount of pain. The camera angles are also very realistic it is like the film crews were actually fighting on that day, the camera moves for cover and when the camera moves the picture is jerky and not smooth, the quality is gritty and grainy not like modern films. Also when a person gets shot or blown into pieces in front of the camera some blood splats on it, it is as though you are the camera and you have just been covered in blood and human remains. The director, Stephen Spielberg, adds many dramatic features to the film. The main one in the first half-hour, is the close up on Tom Hanks character (Captain Miller). When Captain Miller has just had a shock, e. g. where the shell land a few feet from him and knocks him to the ground. The sound is muffled the picture is slow, as are his reactions, he slowly remembers what he has been taught which is to keep his helmet on at all times. He picks up the helmet and places it on his head by this time so much blood had mixed with the seawater it had turned red. As he puts the helmet on the red water runs down his head. Then a solider shouts to him it took him about 30 seconds to understand what he was saying but when he did he was acting with efficiency and skill as he had been trained. It was as though that 30 seconds had been removed from his life with no after effects. The overall picture of war that Stephen Spielberg portrays in Saving Private Ryan is that war is not nice. People dont get killed honourably for their country, with bravery and courage; they are thrown into war, most of the soldiers die from a single bullet without even fighting back. This is very different from Hollywood films for example where a person gets shot, yet still chases the shooter, in Saving Private Ryan if you get shot you are dead or dying, crying for your mother with your last breath of air. The entire film is so realistic all the way through and to make his point, Spielberg kills Captain Miller. In a Hollywood film Captain Miller would have gone home to his wife pruned the rose bushes with her and lived happily ever after. Because Spielberg wants Saving Private Ryan to seem ultra realistic he kills the main character of the film. This is a huge shock for the people watching the film, in any normal Hollywood Blockbuster the main character would live to fight another day and maybe appear in a sequel to the original, Saving Private Ryan will never have a sequel. In my opinion no war film could ever match the quality, acting and camera work shown in Saving Private Ryan.

WNMU Admissions (Costs, Scholarships Aid More)

WNMU Admissions (Costs, Scholarships Aid More) Western New Mexico University Description: Established in 1893, Western New Mexico University has a rich history and numerous registered historic buildings. The 83-acre main campus is located in Silver City, New Mexico. The downtown features a range of art galleries, coffee shops and restaurants. The nearest larger city is El Paso, roughly two-and-a-half hours to the southeast. Albuquerque and Phoenix are each over a four-hour drive. Outdoor lovers will love WNMUs location. The town is surrounded by Gila National Forest, a 3.3 million acre area with plenty of opportunities for hiking, biking, fishing, and camping. Western New Mexico University has a diverse student bodyhalf of students are Hispanic, and the school has an official designation as an Hispanic Serving Institution. Students can choose from over 70 fields of study including some online options. Business and social science fields are among the most popular. Academics are supported by a 14 to 1 student / faculty ratio and an average class size of 18. The university g ets high marks for its value, and a students tuition rate is guaranteed for four years. Student life is active, and  WNMU has intramural sports and a long list of student clubs and organizations including a Craft Club, Improv Troupe, and WNMU Roller Derby. On the intercollegiate athletic front, the WNMU Mustangs compete in the NCAA Division II Lone Star Conference  with sports like men’s and women’s golf, cross country, and tennis. The university fields five mens and six womens varsity sports. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Western New Mexico University Acceptance Rate: -Western New Mexico University has open admissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -Whats a good SAT score?ACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -Whats a good ACT score? Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,427  (2,491 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 39% Male / 61% Female53% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $5,906  (in-state); $13,806 (out-of-state)Books: $1,466  (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,936Other Expenses: $5,080Total Cost: $21,388  (in-state); $29,288 (out-of-state) Western New Mexico University Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 96%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 93%Loans: 52%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,929Loans: $6,734 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, General Studies, Kinesiology, Psychology, Social WorkWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 50%4-Year Graduation Rate: 9%6-Year Graduation Rate: 20% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Golf, Tennis, Track and Field, Basketball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Volleyball, Track and Field, Cross Country, Softball, Golf, Basketball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Western New Mexico University, You May Also Like These Schools: University of New MexicoNew Mexico State UniversityEastern New Mexico UniversityNew Mexico Highlands UniversityNew Mexico TechArizona State UniversityNorthern Arizona UniversityUniversity of ArizonaUniversity of Colorado at Colorado SpringsColorado State University Western New Mexico University Mission Statement: mission statement from  wnmu.edu/admin/president/missionvision.shtml WNMU engages and empowers learners in a multicultural, inclusive, creative, and caring community of teaching, scholarship/research, and service.

In what ways have your previous educational experiences prepared you Essay

In what ways have your previous educational experiences prepared you to be a college scholar - Essay Example As a result, my grades have fallen and due to the low GPA, I could not pursue college education. Later, after I earned a job in a bank and got married, I saw that people around me are continuing their education irrespective of the other commitments in their lives. This has made me fully realize the value of education and further motivated me to pursue college studies so that I can get a better job and thus improve the quality of my life. During my school years, especially when I was studying in high school, I have not given much priority to my studies. I did not fully realize that lower grades at this stage will hamper the chances of my going to college. Thus, I failed to pay the required attention to my academics and rather focused on other activities. After high school, when some of my friends who have taken their studies seriously received college admission and began pursuing higher studies, I realized my mistake. Even then, I did not feel like pursuing my studies and instead I started looking for a job thinking that this will compensate my lack of education. However, none of the jobs I got was good enough to motivate me to stay on and I kept switching between workplaces until I finally got a job in a bank. It is here I understood that people can pursue their studies even after getting a job and being settled in life. I saw my colleagues as well as seniors doing higher studies part time and this motivated me to c ontinue my education. I joined an evening class, being determined that this time I will take my studies seriously and work hard for higher education. The best part of failure is that it enables people to realize where they have gone wrong and help them make appropriate amends. During my school years I have never attempted to understand any subject thoroughly but just read my textbooks to gain pass marks. Now I know that this will not help me gain in depth knowledge in any subject and I will

Genetically Modified Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically Modified Crops - Essay Example The resultant organism would be referred to as transgenic. Similarly, genetically modified, GM crops would be created by changing the genetic material of crops though biotechnology. Techniques Various techniques have been used to introduce the needed genes in crops or inactivate the undesired ones. Bacterium Agrobacterium has the capacity to infect plants hence has been used as an appropriate DNA carrier. Its preparation would be conducted in a specialised solution that would make its cell walls even more porous. The desired gene would then be inserted into the plasmid of the bacterium – its extra chromosomal DNA molecule – and then dropped into the solution which would be heated to allow the plasmid to enter into the bacterium and express a new gene. The altered bacterium referred to as recombinant would be left to recover before being allowed to grow and probably make copies of the new gene. The bacterium would then be exposed to plant cells to deliver the new gene an d plasmid to the cells targeted for transformation (Adugna & Mesfin 2). With gene slicing, the restriction enzymes of bacteria would be used to attack foreign DNA, cutting it into accurate sections inhibiting it from insertion into the chromosome of the bacteria. Different bacteria produce varied restriction enzymes which cut DNA at different places. Molecular biologists use this capability to genetically engineer the DNA to be inserted into target cells for genetic modification. Another enzyme, DNA ligase, would then be used to fuse the sequences of the new gene into the chromosome. Alternatively, the new gene could be introduced into the bacterium’s plasmid which would invade the cell being targeted and deliver the gene. Carter, Moschini and Sheldon (15) give Agrobacterium tumefaciens as an example in this category. Other techniques include biolistics where the selected DNA would be attached to gold or tungsten microscopic particles and fired into the target cells by use of gas under pressure. In lipofection, liposomes would be used to carry the selected DNA and would be placed together with the target cells in a special solution causing a merger between the liposomes and phospholipids from the cell membrane giving in to the entry of the DNA into the chromosome. The viral carriers technique would involve use of a virus whose genetic make-up has the selected DNA added onto it to invade the target cells without causing death or damage thus adding the desired DNA to the target cells. In calcium phosphate precipitation, the selected DNA would be introduced to calcium phosphate creating tiny granules that would have the target cells respond by surrounding and ingesting the granules – endoocytosis – thus causing the granules to release the DNA into the host chromosomes. Examples of GM crops There are soybeans that have been modified genetically so as to make them tolerant to high levels of herbicides that could kill them, making them herbicide tolerant, HT. There are other crops including maize and cotton that have been engineered genetically to resist particular insect pests such as the toxin genes, Bt toxin extracted from Bacillus thuringiensis found in soil and introduced into the DNA of crops so as to make the crops produce specific toxins that kill the larvae of insect pests (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon 7). This would make such crops insect resistant, IR. The

Sports and gamesan essential part Of Essay Example for Free

Sports and gamesan essential part Of Essay Sports is something that attracts every person in this world towards itself. Sports has become a very common field that everybody has interested in. People are gaining more and more interest in different sports from all over the world. And that is why sports engineering is gaining significance and recognition. It is a special field of engineering, which involves everything from the development to the testing of the different sports equipment. The discipline includes numerous activities and everything related to sports and sports equipment. The sports engineers have several responsibilities that are discussed here at length. The very first responsibility of a sports engineer is the designing of the sports equipment. With the development of different sports and an increase in their popularity, people are eager to make use of the best of the sports equipment. And this is where the sports engineers can contribute by developing new equipment that would help the athletes perform better. Sports engineers are also responsible for carrying out a complete lab and experimental testing of the sports equipment, athletes and the interaction between them. This is one of the most important parts of the job of a sports engineer because it is not possible to make use of anything without testing the equipment and the nature of interactions the users would have with the equipment. The sports engineers not only carry out laboratory testing but are also required to test the performance of the athletes and different devices in the field, i. e. the environment of the sports. Field testing needs to be completely accurate so that there is no scope of mistakes and the athletes are prepared to use their equipment in the real conditions and situations. Computational modeling has been used only for scientific purposes till now. Computational modeling approach is usually employed in physics and other scientific applications, whether it is fluid dynamics or any other experiment. Sports engineers are also making use of this technique and approach for determining the forces acting upon the working of the equipment and for stimulating its working before actually developing them. Sports engineers also need to continuously work with the different government bodies and the authorities for making sure that the rules are adhered to and everything is carried out within the pre-defined guidelines. Sports engineers also have to work with the athletes to regularly keep a track and improve the performance of the different athletes in different fields. They need to find out new ways and measures for enhancing the performance of the sportsmen. Thus, we see that sports engineers are extremely important people and they need to carry out all of their responsibilities sincerely for the development of different sports and for the betterment of the athletes. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help.

Memoirs Of A Geisha Essay -- essays research papers

In the best-selling novel entitled Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden, Golden examines the secret world of the geisha. Contrary of what is often believed, geisha are far from being prostitutes; they are more accurately High-class Japanese entertainers. Arthur Golden shows the reader a completely different look on life in looking into the lives of geisha in mid-twentieth century Gion and sends a very strong message distinguishing the geisha and the prostitutes. Arthur Golden, throughout Memoirs of a Geisha, creates a perfect image of the city of Gion, the last Japanese city to still have Geisha the followed the old traditions. Golden describes the world of the Geisha through the experiences of a fictional Geisha named Nitta Sayuri. This novel clarifies the distinguishable differences between a Geisha and a prostitute, Golden’ s main reason for writing the book. In various sections throughout the course of the novel, several differences are established between the geisha and local prostitutes. One of these is that the geisha’s obi (waist wrap) is tied at the geisha’s back in a way that makes it impossible for a geisha to put it on herself. Japanese prostitutes, posing as geisha, have their obi tied at the front, that way they can wrap and unwrap them as needed. Geisha are strictly forbidden to have sexual relations of any kind with the exception of relations with their danna. Even the presence of a man in the okiya (a sort of communal home for geisha and her servants) proh...

Psycho-sexual Development

Psychosocial Stage Is the stage that Is based on an organ that gives pleasure during a certain part of development. This organ Is an erogenous zone during that stage of life that can make us feel good. The psychosocial stage has five different stages, namely oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage. The first stage is oral stage; experiencing this stage makes me feel that my mouth and lips are the center of pleasure.I experienced being fixated, like I was over eating, talking too much and biting sarcasm. The second psychosocial stage is anal stage, which we can experience when we are two to three years of age. We tend to eliminate waste any time and anywhere. This problem can be solve through what we call â€Å"toilet training†. Learning to do so can help Individual to develop pleasure of holding their waste to please their mother's. Some Individual are late bloomers and they tend to learn toilet training until they were five years old.I remember when I was 3 years of age, I am already trained about this â€Å"toilet training† that's why my parents told me one of the unforgettable words I heard, ‘*very good we don't need you to wear diaper an† There are lot of advantages learning toilet training during anal stage, the best of the advantages is the lesser use of diaper. The third stage is phallic stage; this can be experienced when we are around four to six years of age. At this age, we learned the difference between male and female.During phallic stage, male gets Jealous of his ether and feels like wanting to replace him. Male individuals at this age can also feel castration anxiety, the fear of castration meaning being afraid to be circumcised. On the other hand, female Individuals feel Like blaming their mother for not Glenn them pennies Like the male one's have. I experience this blaming thing when I tried to pee like my brother. During phallic stage males excessively concerned being masculine in appear ance and actions while females feels excessive need and demand for equality treatment with men.The fourth stage is the latency stage, latent means hidden. This stage can be experienced when we are six to twelve years old. In this stage, we tend to play music and different Instruments, and play different sports we love. No further psychosocial development takes place during this stage. The fifth and last stage is genital stage, In this stage the focus Is on one's genitalia, their own sex organ as their erogenous zone for pleasure. This can be experienced from thirteen years old onwards; this Is also the stage of being curious about sex.The individual develops a strong sexual rest of a person's life. Studying and experiencing psychosocial stage gives me a lot of knowledge about when and why individual experience these stages during birth up to the present age. Also, studying psychosocial stage gave me more views and helped me answer different questions inside my mind. Most of all, it lessens my curiosity. By studies and experiences I can share different lessons and story with different people, especially the young ones about how each one of us develops as we grow older.

Changes And Urban Expansion In Greater Dhaka Environmental Sciences Essay

This survey evaluates old termland usage alterations and urban enlargement in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, between 1975 and 2003 utilizing satellite images and socio-economic informations. Spatial and temporal kineticss of old termlandnext term use/cover old termchangesnext term were quantified utilizing three Landsat images, a supervised categorization algorithm and the post-classification old termchangenext term sensing technique in GIS. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived old termlandnext term use/cover maps ranged from 85 to 90 % . The analysis revealed that significant growing of built-up countries in Greater Dhaka over the survey period resulted important lessening in the country of H2O organic structures, cultivated old termland, following term flora and wetlands. old termUrban land expansionnext term has been mostly driven by lift, population growing and economic development. Rapid old termurban expansionnext term through infilling of low-lying countries and glade of flora resulted in a broad scope of environmental impacts, including habitat quality. As dependable and current informations are missing for Bangladesh, the old termlandnext term usage maps produced in this survey will lend to both the development of sustainable old termurban landnext term usage planning determinations and besides for calculating possible hereafter old termchangesnext term in growing forms. Urbanization is one the most widespread anthropogenetic causes of the loss of cultivable old termlandnext term ( Lopez, Bocco, Mendoza, & A ; Duhau, 2001 ) , habitat devastation ( Alphan, 2003 ) , and the diminution in natural flora screen. The transition of rural countries into old termurbannext term countries through development is presently happening at an unprecedented rate in recent human history and is holding a pronounced consequence on the natural operation of ecosystems ( Turner, 1994 ) . Although old termurbannext term countries presently cover merely 3 % of the Earth ‘s old termlandnext term surface, they have marked effects on environmental conditions at both local and planetary graduated tables ( [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] ) , including clime old termchangenext term ( Grimm, Grove, Pickett, & A ; Redman, 2000 ) . Since ecosystems in old termurbannext term countries are strongly influenced by anthropogenetic activities, well more attendi ng is presently being directed towards supervising old termchangesnext term in old termurban landnext term usage and old termlandnext term screen ( LULC ) ( Stow & A ; Chen, 2002 ) . Such surveies are peculiarly of import because the spacial features of LULC are utile for understanding the assorted impacts of human activity on the overall ecological status of the old termurbannext term environment ( Yeh & A ; Li, 1999 ) . LULC old termchangenext term due to human activities is presently continuing more rapidly in developing states than in the developed universe, and it has been projected that by the twelvemonth 2020, most of the universe ‘s mega metropoliss will be in developing states ( World Bank, 2007 ) . Increasing population in developing metropoliss has caused rapid old termchangesnext term in LULC and increased environmental debasement ( Holdgate, 1993 ) . The consequence of population is peculiarly relevant given that the planetary old termurbannext term population is projected to about duplicate by 2050 ( UN, 2008 ) . In order to extenuate the damaging effects associated with old termurbannext term growing on the environment and to keep optimum ecosystem operation ( Fang, Gertner, Sun, & A ; Anderson, 2005 ) , spacial and temporal LULC forms, and the factors impacting these old termchangesnext term ( Serra, Pons, & A ; Sauri , 2008 ) , are well of import in developing rational economic, societal and environmental policies ( Long, Tang, Li, & A ; Heilig, 2007 ) . Bangladesh has experienced rapid old termurbannext term population growing in recent decennaries ; the population numbered 14.1 million in 1981, 22.5 million in 1991, 31.1 million in 2001 ( BBS, 2001 ) and 35 million in 2005 ( CUS, NIPORT, & A ; MEASURE, 2006 ) . Rapid urbanisation has led to the transmutation of rural countries into developed countries, and it has been estimated that more than 809A km2 of agricultural old termlandnext term is converted to metropoliss, roads and substructure yearly ( BBS, 1996 ) . The lessening in agricultural activities, the largest sector of the Bangladeshi economic system, and the attendant loss of cultivated old termlandnext term is likely to lend to landlessness, nutrient deficits and endanger the economic system ( Ahmad, 2005 ) . Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is expected to be the 3rd largest metropolis in the universe by 2020 ( World Bank, 2007 ) and the rapid old termurbannext term growing experienced by the metropolis in recent decennaries is one of the highest in the universe ( [ Islam, 1999 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . old termUrban expansionnext term of Dhaka was slow in the 1950s, but strong growing followed the independency of Bangladesh in 1971 ( Chowdhury & A ; Faruqui, 1989 ) . The considerable growing observed in the population of Dhaka is thought to hold occurred in response to large-scale rural-previous termurbannext term migration, which has contributed, significantly to the increased rate of urbanisation ( Islam, 1996 ) . To day of the month, the environmental and socio-economic sustainability of Dhaka, which is indispensable for development planning, has received comparatively small attending. This has resulted in widespread environmental jobs across the metropolis, mostly stemming from unpl anned urbanisation, extensive old termurbannext term poorness, perennial episodes of implosion therapy, significant growing of slums, development of resources, and the misdirection of limited old termlandnext term resources ( Hasan & A ; Mulamoottil, 1994 ) . Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) and distant detection ( RS ) are powerful and cost-efficient tools for measuring the spacial and temporal kineticss of LULC ( [ Hathout, 2002 ] , [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Lambin etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Serra etA al. , 2008 ] ) . Distant feeling informations provide valuable multi-temporal informations on the procedures and forms of LULC old termchange, following term and GIS is utile for function and analysing these forms ( Zhang etA al. , 2002 ) . In add-on, retrospective and consistent synoptic coverage from orbiters is peculiarly utile in countries where old termchangesnext term have been rapid ( Blodget, Taylor, & A ; Roark, 1991 ) . Furthermore, since digital archives of remotely sensed informations provide the chance to analyze historical LULC old termchanges, following term the geographic form of such old termchangesnext term in relation to other environmental and human factors can be evaluated. Numerous old termchangenext term sensing methods have been developed to measure fluctuations in LULC utilizing satellite informations ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] , [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . Of these techniques, the pre- and post-classification comparings have been extensively used ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . In the pre-classification attack, processs such as image differencing ( Toll, Royal, & A ; Davis, 1980 ) , band rationing ( Nelson, 1983 ) , old termchangenext term vector analysis ( Johnson & A ; Kasischke, 1998 ) , direct multi-date categorization ( Li & A ; Yeh, 1998 ) , flora index differencing ( Townshend & A ; Justice, 1995 ) and principle constituent analysis ( Fung & A ; LeDrew, 1987 ; Hartter, Lucas, Gaughan, & A ; Aranda, 2008 ) have been developed ( [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . The basic premiss of these processs is that old termchangesnext term in LULC consequence in differences in the pel coefficient of reflection values between the day of the months of involvement. However, while these techniques are effectual for turn uping old termchange, following term they can non place the nature of old termchangenext term ( Ridd & A ; Liu, 1998 ) . Conversely, post-classification comparings examine old termchangesnext term over clip between independently classified old termlandnext term screen informations. Despite the troubles associated with post-classification comparings ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) , this technique is the most widely used for placing LULC old termchangesnext term ( [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] ) , peculiarly in old termurbannext term environments ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . However, one of the disadvantages associated with this attack is that the truth of the end point LULC old termchangenext term maps depends on the truth of the single categorization, intending that such techniques are capable to error extension ( Y uan, Sawaya, Loeffelholz, & A ; Bauer, 2005 ) . However, such post-classification techniques are peculiarly utile for bring forthing ‘from-to ‘ maps ( Jensen, 1996 ) , which can be used to clear up the magnitude, location and nature of the old termchangesnext term shown ( Howarth & A ; Wickware, 1981 ) . In add-on, the technique can be employed utilizing informations acquired from detectors with different spatial, temporal and spectral declarations ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] ) . RS is really effectual for exemplifying the interactions between people and the old termurbannext term environments in which they live ( Gatrell & A ; Jensen, 2008 ) . Space-borne orbiter informations are peculiarly utile for developing states due to the cost and clip associated with traditional study methods ( Dong, Forster, & A ; Ticehurst, 1997 ) , and these techniques have become feasible options to conventional study and ground-based old termurbannext term mapping methods ( Jensen, Hodgson, Tullis, & A ; Raber, 2004 ) . Several surveies have demonstrated the pertinence of RS to developing sourcing information and for back uping decision-making activities in a broad scope of old termurbannext term applications ( [ Gatrell and Jensen, 2008 ] , [ Jensen and Cowen, 1999 ] and [ Zeilhofer and Topanotti, 2008 ] ) . In the country of old termurbannext term planning, of import RS research has been conducted to day of the month, peculiarly in old termurban changenext term analysis and th e mold of growing ( [ Bahr, 2004 ] , [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Hathout, 2002 ] , [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Jat etA al. , 2008 ] , [ Jensen and Im, 2007 ] , [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] , [ Maktav and Erbek, 2005 ] , [ Ridd and Liu, 1998 ] , [ Yang, 2002 ] and [ Yuan, 2008 ] ) , LULC rating ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] , [ Lopez etA al. , 2001 ] , [ Xiao etA al. , 2006 ] , [ Yang and Lo, 2002 ] and [ Yuan etA al. , 2005 ] ) , and old termurbannext term heat-island research ( [ Kato and Yamaguchi, 2005 ] and [ Weng, 2001 ] ) . In peculiar, RS-based multi-temporal old termlandnext term use old termchangenext term informations provide information that can be used for measuring the structural fluctuation of LULC forms ( Liu, Gao, & A ; Yang, 2003 ) , which can be applied to avoiding irreversible and cumulative effects of old termurbannext term growing ( Yuan, 2008 ) and are of import to optimise the allotment of old termurbannext term services ( Barnsley & A ; Barr, 1996 ) . In add-on, accura te and comprehensive old termlandnext term use old termchangenext term statistics are utile for inventing sustainable old termurbannext term and environmental planning schemes ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Jensen and Im, 2007 ] ) . It is hence really of import to gauge the rate, form and type of LULC old termchangesnext term in order to foretell future old termchangesnext term in old termurbannext term development. Small is known about the spacial and temporal dimensions of the LULC old termchangesnext term that have shaped the old termurban expansionnext term of Greater Dhaka. Although most developed states have both recent and extended LULC information, the comparative deficiency of geospatial informations or entree thereto, is prevailing in developing states, peculiarly in Bangladesh. For case, aerial exposure are classified for the populace. The metropolis does non hold any official statistics on old termlandnext term usage forms, and the Master Plans do non incorporate either a map or quantitative information on the bing forms of old termlandnext term usage in the metropolis ( [ Islam, 1996 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . The old termlandnext term usage forms of Greater Dhaka were officially categorized in 1991 utilizing land observation informations ( Flood Action Plan ( FAP ) 8A, 1991 and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . Due to the easiness of entree and recent nature of nose count records, the local autho ritiess of Dhaka often use nose count informations to construe old termlandnext term use old termchanges.next term As a consequence, the kineticss of development are non clear and frequently deceptive ( Talukder, 2008 ) . Numerous factors, including fiscal restraints, restricted entree to informations, bureaucratism and deficiency of geospatial expertness in the planning bureaus account for the absence of historical and current old termlandnext term usage informations. Furthermore, every bit many as 18 ministries are involved in the development and planning of Dhaka, and there is a general deficiency of coordination between these organic structures ( Mohit, 1991 ) . This empirical survey will try to place the spatio-temporal form of LULC old termchangesnext term for Greater Dhaka utilizing geospatial informations so that both the scientific community and determination shapers can measure the assorted kineticss impacting LULC old termchangesnext term in this old termurbannext term en vironment. The aims of this survey were therefore to research the features of LULC old termchangesnext term and qualify the underlying drive forces in the Greater Dhaka country by doing usage of remotely sensed informations and socio-economic information. Specifically, the aims are: ( a ) to clarify and measure the LULC old termchangesnext term between 1975 and 2003 ; ( B ) to research the spacial and temporal features of old termurban expansionnext term in this period ; and ( degree Celsius ) to analyse the drive forces of old termlandnext term use old termchange and urban expansion.next termStudy countryAs shown in Fig.A 1, the survey country of Greater Dhaka is located in the centre of Bangladesh between 23A °68aˆ?N ( BTM 533233.91A m ) , 90A °33aˆ? E ( BTM 619052.83A m ) and 23A °90aˆ?N ( BTM 550,952.57A m ) , 90A °50aˆ? E ( BTM 642511.56A m ) , severally. Topographically, the country is level with a surface lift runing from 1 to 14A m ( Fig.A 1 ) , with most old ter murbannext term countries located at lifts runing from 6 to 8A m ( FAP 8A, 1991 ) . The metropolis is situated chiefly on an alluvial patio, popularly known as the Modhupur patio dating from the Pleistocene period. The survey country is surrounded by four major river systems: the Buriganga, Turag, Tongi and the Balu, which flow to the South, west, north and east, severally. These rivers are chiefly fed by local rainfall and besides receive overflow from the well larger Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. The metropolis has a humid sub-tropical monsoon clime and receives about 2000A millimeters of rainfall yearly, more than 80 % of which falls during the monsoon season from June to September. Life-size image ( 137K ) – Opens new window Life-size image ( 137K ) Fig.A 1.A Location of survey country. River webs, embankment and administrative units are draped over a digital lift theoretical account. Brightest countries represent higher lift ; bright grey represents average lift while dark pels show the lowest lift.Position Within ArticleThe happening of heavy monsoon rainfall combined with floodwater overflow from the rivers environing the metropolis mean that Dhaka is really prone to monsoon implosion therapy. The metropolis has experienced a figure of lay waste toing inundations in recent times, with the inundations in 1988, 1998 and 2004 being the most terrible ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) . Quantitative appraisals of the countries inundated by these flood events revealed that in 1988, 47.1 % of greater Dhaka were flooded, while in 1998 and 2004, about 53 % and 43 % countries were inundated ( [ Dewan etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Dewan and Yamaguchi, 2008 ] and [ Dewan etA al. , 2006 ] ) . The inundations caused harm to lodging and substructure amou nting to US $ 2.2A m in 1988, 4.4A m in 1998 and 5.6A m in 2004 ( Ahmed, Gotoh, & A ; Hossain, 2006 ) . The badness of inundation harm was considerable, even in 2004, which was considered more moderate of the three inundations, and which was believed to be the consequence of hapless old termurbannext term planning and renewal and development of natural countries, such as wetlands and low-lying countries, that would otherwise hold attenuated the implosion therapy. A survey utilizing hydrological record and RS-based LULC information has shown that inundation continuance and extent has increased well as a consequence of the extended old termurbannext term development on Lowlandss and flood plains of natural river channels ( Dewan & A ; Yamaguchi, 2008 ) . It has been suggested that the exposure of Dhaka to deluge harm will increase due to continued unplanned old termurban expansionnext term ( Faisal, Kabir, & A ; Nishat, 1999 ) and the consequence of clime old termchangenext term ( Ala m & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) , and that these in bend will increase the agony to the dwellers of Dhaka and do extended harm to belongings in the part.Data and methodological analysisData acquisition and readyingLandsat informations ( MSS, TM and ETM+ ) were acquired and used to measure LULC old termchanges and urban expansionnext term in Dhaka. Geometric rectification was performed on all the images utilizing a Landsat TM image of the same country from 1997 as mention. At least 45 land control points ( GCPs ) were used to register the images to the Bangladesh Transverse Mercator ( BTM ) system. GCPs were dispersed throughout the scene, giving a RMS mistake of less than 0.5 pels. A first order multinomial tantrum was applied and images were resampled to 30A m end product pels utilizing the nearest neighbour method. All brooding sets were used in image categorization and the thermic set was excluded. In add-on, geospatial informations including municipal boundaries, route webs, geomorphic units and lift units were used to bring forth GIS beds from beginnings such as Survey of Bangladesh ( SOB ) topographical maps ( sheet no. 79 I 5 & A ; 6 ) , municipal boundary map and geomorphic map ( Asaduzzaman, Nasreen, & A ; Olsen, 1999 ) . Multi-year socio-economic informations were obtained from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( BBS ) and published literature ( [ Islam, 1996 ] , [ Islam, 2005 ] and [ Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ] ) . Reference informations, which varied given the retrospective nature of the survey ( Table 1 ) , were used for both developing country choice and for the rating of map truth. In add-on to utilizing high-resolution imagination, intensive fieldwork was conducted in the survey country from 6 February to 22 March 2003 to roll up land truth information for the analysis of the 2003 image. A hardcopy false colour composite ETM+ ( RGB 432 ) image picturing different LULC types was used in the field to place bing old termlandnext term screen characteristics, with particular attending given to spectrally similar characteristics. Based on this fieldwork, a land truth map was prepared for turn uping preparation pels on the image and 200 mention informations points were collected utilizing a planetary placement system ( GPS ) . This GPS information was so overlaid with the image in GIS to choose developing countries and for accuracy appraisal ; 100 of the GPS points were used for trying and the ot her 100 were used for measuring the truth of the categorization. Table 1. Different informations types used in this survey.Sl. No.Type of informations usedScale/resolutionYear1 Survey of Bangladesh topo-sheets 1: 50,000 1973, 1991 2 CUS old termlandnext term usage map 1: 10,000 1975 3 FAP 8A old termlandnext term usage map 1: 10,000 1991 4 Landsat MSS image 79A m 1975 5 SPOT Pan image 10A m 1989/90 6 Landsat TM image 28.5A m 1992 7 Landsat ETM+ image 28.5A m 2003 8 IKONOS Pan image 1A m 2003 9 Municipal boundary informations 1: 50,000 2001 10 Geomorphic map 1: 25,000 1999 11 Drain map 1: 25,000 2000 12 City Guide Maps 1: 20,000 1991, 2002 13 Socio-economic informations Annually and decadala 1973-2005 Full-size tabular array aA Census records.Position Within ArticleImage categorizationA alteration of the Anderson Scheme Level I method was used to measure LULC old termchangesnext term in this survey ( Anderson, Hardy, Roach, & A ; Witmer, 1976 ) . Specifically, extra factors such as the major old termlandnext term usage classs within the survey country and differences in the spacial declaration of the images, which varied from 30 to 79A m, were considered in planing the categorization strategy. Six separate LULC types were identified: H2O organic structures, wetlands/lowlands, built-up countries, cultivated old termland, following term flora and bare soil/landfill ( Table 2 ) . Table 2. old termLandnext term use/cover categorization strategy. old termLandnext term use/Cover TypesDescriptionBuilt-up Residential, commercial and services, industrial, transit, roads, assorted old termurban, following term and other old termurbannext term Bare soil/landfill sites Exposed dirts, landfill sites, and countries of active digging Cultivated old termlandnext term Agricultural country, harvest Fieldss, fallow old termlandsnext term and vegetable old termlandsnext term Vegetation Deciduous forest, assorted forest old termlands, following term thenars, conifer, chaparral and others Water organic structures River, lasting unfastened H2O, lakes, pools and reservoirs Wetland/lowlands Permanent and seasonal wetlands, low-lying countries, marshy old termland, following term rivulets and gully, swamps Full-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleAll orbiter informations were studied utilizing spectral and spacial profiles to determine the digital Numberss ( DNs ) of different LULC classs prior to categorization. Training samples were selected from the mention informations and accessory information ( Table 1 ) . Sixty to seventy preparation sites, runing in size from 286 to 7800 pels, were used to develop the images. Training samples included 5-10 subclasses for each category except for bare soil/landfill. The preparation samples were so refined, renamed, merged, and deleted after rating of the category histogram and statistical parametric quantities. A supervised upper limit likeliness categorization ( MLC ) algorithm, antecedently demonstrated to obtain the best consequences from remotely sensed informations if each category has a Gaussian distribution ( Bolstad & A ; Lillesand, 1991 ) , was so applied to each image. However, several of the categories were falsely classified in the supervised categorization of LULC, with certain old termurbannext term colonies being misclassified as landfill sites due to their holding similar spectral features. Similarly, the wetland category was merged with the lowland category as it was non possible to divide them due to similar spectral belongingss, and the wetland/lowland class and cultivated old termlandnext term were besides falsely classified. Post-classification polish was hence used to better the truth of the categorization as it is a simple and effectual method ( Harris & A ; Ventura, 1995 ) . In add-on, since the old termurbannext term surface is heterogenous and composed of a complex combination of characteristics ( e.g. edifices, roads, grass, trees, dirt, H2O ) ( Jensen, 2007 ) , assorted pels are a common job when utilizing medium-spatial declaration informations such as Landsat ( Lu & A ; Weng, 2005 ) . The job of assorted pels was addressed in several ways. For illustration, thematic information ( e.g. H2O organic structures, flora, and bare dirt ) was foremost extracted from the Landsat informations utilizing the V-S-W index ( Yamagata, Sugita, & A ; Yasuoka, 1997 ) , before a rule-based technique utilizing thematic information and GIS informations ( e.g. DEM, municipal maps and H2O organic structures, etc. ) was employed in ERDAS spacial modeller to rectify antecedently misclassified old termlandnext term scree n classs. Although this rule-based technique greatly improved the MLC categorization, some misclassification between wetland and cultivated old termlandsnext term was still observed, chiefly because of the geographical adjacency of these classs. GIS tools, such as Area of Interest ( AOI ) were so applied to the informations utilizing ocular analysis, mention informations, every bit good as local cognition, to divide and recode these screens so that they more closely reflected their true categories. By using these techniques, the consequence obtained utilizing the supervised algorithm could be well improved. Finally, to cut down the salt-and-pepper consequence, a 3A A-A 3 bulk filter was applied to the classified old termlandnext term screens ( Lillesand & A ; Kiefer, 1999 ) .Accuracy appraisalBy and large, categorization truth refers to the extent of correspondence between the remotely sensed informations and mention information ( Congalton, 1991 ) . In order to measure the truth of old termlandnext term screen maps extracted from Landsat informations, a sum of 125 graded random pels were generated for the 1975 and 1992 informations and 100 pels for the 2003 old termlandnext term screen map. Accuracy appraisal of the LULC maps was so performed utilizing field informations and the geographical characteristics on old termlandnext term usage maps, high-resolution images, and SOB topographic maps, and the consequences were recorded in a confusion matrix. A non-parametric Kappa trial was besides used to mensurate the categorization truth as it accounts for all the elements in the confusion matrix instead than merely the diagonal elements ( Rosenfield & A ; Fitzpatirck-Lins, 1986 ) . The entire truth of the Landsat-derived LULC information was 85.6, 89.6 and 90 % with matching Kappa statistics of 82.7, 87.5 and 87.9 % for MSS, TM and ETM+ , severally, confirming the standard truth of 85-90 % for LULC mapping surveies as recommended by Anderson etA Al. ( 1976 ) . The application of rule-based post-classification polish was found to be effectual and improved truth by 10-12 % . The MSS image had the lowest overall truth, which may be due to its harsh spacial declaration ( Haack, 1987 ) . Yang and Lo ( 2002 ) besides noted that the jobs associated with right sorting assorted pels additions with diminishing image declaration, ensuing in spectral confusion. In this survey, spectral confusion was higher in the MSS image than in the TM/ETM+ images. old termChangenext term sensing This survey employed the post-classification old termchangenext term sensing technique, which is efficient in observing the nature, rate and location of old termchanges, following term and has been successfully used by a figure of research workers in the old termurbannext term environment ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . An overlay process utilizing the GIS was adopted in order to obtain the spacial old termchangesnext term in LULC during three intervals: 1975-1992, 1992-2003 and 1975-2003. Application of this technique resulted in a bipartisan cross-matrix, depicting the chief types of old termchangenext term in the survey country. Cross tabular matter analysis on a pixel-by-pixel footing facilitated the finding of theA measure of transitions from a peculiar old termlandnext term screen category to other old termlandnext term usage classs and their corresponding country over the period evaluated. A new thematic bed incorporating different combinations of â€Å" from-to † old termc hangenext term categories was besides produced for each of the three six-class maps. LULC old termchangesnext term and kineticss of old termurban expansionnext term Spatial forms of LULC old termchangesnext term in the Greater Dhaka country for 1975, 1992 and 2003 are shown in Fig.A 2. In 1975, lowlands, cultivated countries and H2O organic structures were the dominant old termlandnext term usage types, and the way of old termurban expansionnext term ( herein referred to as the built-up class ) was northerly. In 1992, the built-up class replaced most of the H2O organic structures and depressions within the metropolis every bit good as the cultivated old termlandnext term along the peripheral zone. Surveies of historical maps and the available literature suggest that the depressions and H2O organic structures within the metropolis disappeared comparatively rapidly after independency as countries were developed for residential, commercial, academic and concern intents ( Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ) . Between 1975 and 1992, when route transit from Dhaka to the backwoods was improved by the building of Bridgess over the rivers ( Islam, 1996 ) , old ter murban expansionnext term extended further to the North, north-west and to the West. Consequently, the country of cultivated old termlandnext term and H2O organic structures declined markedly during the period 1975-1992 ( Louis Berger & A ; BCL, 2005 ) . In 2003, the forms of LULC old termchangenext term revealed that Dhaka started to spread out in all waies, chiefly at the disbursal of vegetated and wetland/lowland countries. The rate of old termurbannext term invasion ( Fig.A 2 ) on other old termlandnext term utilizations increased significantly following the readying of a new Master Plan in 1995 and the development of substructure ( Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ) . The building of a span over the Buriganga River accelerated old termurban expansionnext term in the southern and northwesterly waies. The spacial distribution of the exposed soil/landfill class is besides seeable in the maps produced ( Fig.A 2 ) , clearly exemplifying the transmutation of lowland countries to landfills on the outskirts of Dhaka. Life-size image ( 292K ) – Opens new window Life-size image ( 292K ) Fig.A 2.A Classified old termlandnext term use/cover maps of Greater Dhaka in 1975, 1992 and 2003.Position Within ArticleThree sectors, viz. the populace, private, and individual-household sectors, are responsible for all of the old termlandnext term developments in Dhaka. Most of the old development undertakings were undertaken on an ad hoc footing by the populace sector, chiefly in countries that were antecedently used for agribusiness and that were free from flood ; illustrations of such developments include Gulshan Model Town, Banani, Uttara Model Town and Dhanmondi ( Chowdhury, 2003 ) . In recent old ages, belongings development has proliferated in Dhaka, and belongings developers have developed both wetlands and agricultural countries without any consideration of the attendant environmental costs. In add-on, single families have started to develop the peripheral countries ( Islam, 1996 ) . In the fieldwork conducted in this survey, old termlandnext term guess was observed to ho ld had a pronounced influence on the development of suburban countries. In response to increasing old termlandnext term monetary values and turning demand for lodging, Lowlandss and agricultural countries in the periphery zone are quickly going built-up by the person and belongings developers. While suburban development is a really complex procedure that is known to be influenced by a assortment of factors, including guess and old termlandnext term monetary values, these factors may non adequately explicate the procedure of suburban development in the survey country. A more elaborate survey is hence required in order to understand the assorted factors act uponing suburban development in the greater Dhaka country. Furthermore, hapless coordination among executive bureaus is besides responsible for the decrease observed in natural resources in the survey country. For illustration, in the Dhaka-Narayangonj-Demra ( DND ) undertaking, despite about 6000A hour angles being set aside for a gricultural production in the 1960s, the country has been used by local and migratory people for residential intents since 1990s without any blessing from the governments concerned. Cases such as this illustrate the deficiency of effectual coordination among the organisations involved in the planning and development of Dhaka. Analysis of the LULC old termchangesnext term in Dhaka over clip revealed a considerable addition in the built-up countries over the survey period ; built-up countries increased by 6132A hour angle between 1975 and 1992, which is an norm of more than 360A haA yra?’1. Similarly, built-up countries increased in size by 4422A hour angle from 1992 to 2003, more than 400A haA yra?’1, and the net addition of old termurbannext term countries over the survey period was 10554A hour angle ( Table 3 ) . When compared with other metropoliss in the part, such as Ajmer City in India, the rate of the old termurban expansionnext term in Ajmer City was 29.2A haA yra?’1 over the period 1977-1989 and 32.4A haA yra?’1 from 1989 to 2002 ( Jat, Garg, & A ; Khare, 2008 ) . Although urbanisation is by and large related to demographic old termchangenext term and economic growing ( Li, Sato, & A ; Zhu, 2003 ) , the nature of old termurban expansionnext term in the survey country ma y besides be associated with other factors such as topography, old termlandnext term usage, and transit. Close scrutiny of the old termchangenext term sensing statistics revealed that about 6132A hour angle of the urbanised country in Dhaka were antecedently either agricultural countries or H2O organic structures between 1975 and 1992. Conversely, 4422A hour angle of the freshly urbanized countries were antecedently flora or wetlands during the same period. By and large, two factors were observed to hold promoted old termurbannext term growing: ( 1 ) increased economic activity associated with the constitution of economic zones ( e.g. export treating zone ) and ( 2 ) redefinition of the metropolitan country. Between 1975 and 1992, reclassification of old termurbannext term countries every bit good as infrastructural development played a important function in the old termexpansion of urbannext term countries. For case, the nor'-west and southerly old termexpansionnext term of the met ropolis occurred in response to building of a inundation embankment in 1992 ( Fig.A 1 ) and a span on the Buriganga River in 2001. The spacial features of built-up countries have besides been shaped by the building of a figure of transit paths in the same period, as understood from historical map analysis and field visit. The old termexpansionnext term to the E and nor'-east led to the development of unplanned suburbs in the Lowlandss and agricultural countries that were antecedently located in those countries. Table 3. Consequences of old termlandnext term use/previous termlandnext term screen categorization for 1975, 1992 and 2003 images demoing country of each class, category per centum and country changed. old termLandnext term use/cover types197519921975-1992 country changed ( hour angle )20031992-2003 Area changed ( hour angle )Area ( hour angle )%Area ( hour angle )%Area ( hour angle )%Water organic structures 2976.1 7.2 2492.8 6.0 a?’483.3 2050.9 4.9 a?’441.9 Wetland/lowlands 13155.1 31.7 11646.8 28.0 a?’1508.3 9124.0 22.0 a?’2522.8 Cultivated old termlandnext term 12040.8 29.0 7934.3 19.1 a?’4106.5 8466.6 20.4 532.3 Vegetation 6585.2 15.8 5686.7 13.7 a?’898.6 3992.2 9.6 a?’1694.4 Built-up 5550.5 13.4 11682.4 28.1 6131.9 16104.6 38.7 4422.2 Bare soil/landfill 1256.2 3.0 2121.0 5.1 864.8 1825.7 4.4 a?’295.4 Entire 41564 100 41564 100 41564 100 Full-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleThe GIS analysis besides revealed that the country occupied by H2O organic structures decreased by 16.2 % , wetlands by 11.5 % , cultivated old termlandnext term by 34.1 % , and flora by 13.6 % between 1975 and 1992. Another important old termchangenext term was the diminution in wetlands and flora from 1992 to 2003. In 1992, wetlands and flora occupied 28 % and 13.7 % of the entire survey country, but by 2003, these countries had declined to 21.7 % and 5.5 % , severally. Conversely, built-up countries increased in size by 37.9 % in the period from 1992 to 2003. A little addition in cultivated old termlandnext term ( 6.7 % ) was besides observed in this period. The diminution of flora and wetlands was clearly due to intensification of old termurbannext term development in the greater Dhaka country, peculiarly through the procedure of suburban development. As shown in Table 4, there has been a pronounced old termchangenext term in LULC ove r the 28-year survey period. Table 4. Major old termlandnext term use/cover transitions from 1975 to 2003.‘From category ‘‘To category ‘1975-1992 Area ( hour angle )1992-2003 Area ( hour angle )Water organic structures Built-up 655.7 269.5 Bare soil/landfill 71.4 82.7 Wetland/lowland Built-up 660.0 1414.7 Cultivated old termlandnext term 2007.8 2743.6 Bare soil/landfill 416.8 492.5 Cultivated old termlandnext term Built-up 3944.3 2309.0 Bare soil/landfill 794.7 391.8 Vegetation Built-up 1725.1 1069.1 Cultivated old termlandnext term 932.4 1387.5 Bare soil/landfill 333.7 287.3 Bare soil/landfill Built-up 453.8 1047.4 Full-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleThe post-classification comparing of old termchangenext term sensing was carried out utilizing GIS, bring forthing old termchangenext term maps for understanding the spacial form of old termchangenext term between old ages ( Fig.A 3 ) . Table 4 shows a sum-up of the major LULC transitions, viz. ‘from-to ‘ information, which occurred during the survey period. As indicated, the bulk of old termurban landnext term was acquired by change overing countries that were antecedently agricultural old termland, following term flora, H2O organic structures or low-lying countries, proposing the being of increased force per unit area on natural resources in Greater Dhaka to run into the increasing demand for old termurban land.next term Life-size image ( 247K ) – Opens new window Life-size image ( 247K ) Fig.A 3.A Major old termlandnext term use/conversions in Greater Dhaka ( a ) 1975-1992 ( B ) 1992-2003.Position Within ArticleThe survey revealed that the old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka has been comparatively rapid and has resulted in widespread environmental debasement. The procedure of old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka was observed to change markedly over the old ages examined in this survey ; specifically, the metropolis expanded by 6131.9A hour angle during the 17-year period from 1975 to 1992 and 4422.2A hour angle in the 11-year period from 1992 to 2003. Landsat images revealed that old termurban expansionnext term in two periods examined in this survey did non happen equally in all waies ; new developments were observed along the fringe of old termurbannext term countries every bit good as in the countries that had already been urbanized. The rapid gait of urbanisation in Dhaka means that it has non been possible for the municipal authorities to supply basic old termurbannext term comfortss to the population, which has led to a broad scope of environmental jobs. For illustration, old termurbannext term development facilitated by old termlandnext term filling has been shown to hold a negative impact on natural home ground and biodiversity ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Dewidar, 2002 ] ) . Vulnerability to temblor related jeopardies has besides increased since a major part of Dhaka ‘s recent development has taken topographic point in landfill sites ( Kamal & A ; Midorikawa, 2004 ) . In southern Dhaka, landfills have contributed to dir ty pollution, ensuing in reduced flora ( Khatun & A ; Hoque, 1994 ) . Uncoordinated urbanisation and the creative activity of landfill sites have intensified the extent of flood in the metropolis during the moisture season ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) , which is peculiarly critical in the western parts of Dhaka ( Maathuis, Mannaerts, & A ; Khan, 1999 ) . Flood hazard potency has been elevated due to continued infilling of H2O organic structures, wetlands and low-lying countries ( Dewan & A ; Yamaguchi, 2008 ) . In add-on, the speed uping growing of slums is impacting the metropolis ‘s physical and human environment. Harmonizing to CUS etA Al. ( 2006 ) , the slum population of Dhaka ( about 37 % of the metropolis ‘s population ) has doubled in a decennary, to make 3.4 million in 2006 from 1.5 million in 1996. The environment of these informal colonies is highly unhygienic as they are in close propinquity to solid waste mopess, unfastened drains and cloacas, embankments, a nd along railroad lines ( Islam, 1999 ) . Consequently, the people populating in slums are highly vulnerable to inundations ( Rashid, 2000 ) and they besides suffer from an acute deficit of drinkable H2O ( Akbar, Minnery, Horen, & A ; Smith, 2007 ) .Driving forces analysisLULC old termchanges and urban expansionnext term of Greater Dhaka is governed by a combination of geographical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Although population growing is the primary cause for rapid urbanisation, the part of other causes such as economic development and physical factors besides needs to be assessed. To measure the mechanisms underlying the old termchangesnext term in LULC and subsequent old termurban enlargement, following term we performed a arrested development analysis of built-up countries utilizing selected physical and socio-economic variables ( lift, incline, population and GDP ) , and presented the consequences in Table 5. old termUrbannext term country informations were extr acted from one-year BBS statistics since RS informations merely cover three old ages. To analyze the effects of incline and lift on old termurban enlargement, following term average values of incline, and lift of both developed and developing countries in the metropolis were calculated from a digital lift theoretical account. Socio-economic informations, such as population and GDP values were obtained from the decadal and annually one-year tabular arraies of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( Table 1 ) . Table 5. Regression analysis of factors underlying old termurban expansion.next termDriving factorsCoefficientsRobust criterion mistakeTpA & gt ; A |t|Population 1.776 0.633 2.808 0.019 GDP 0.0001 0.000 4.730 0.001 Elevation 0.549 0.295 1.861 0.092 Slope 0.028 0.057 0.494 0.404 Changeless a?’5.058 5.811 a?’0.870 0.404 Full-size tabular array R2A =A 0.947 ; ( ProbA & gt ; A FA =A 0.000 ) ; Dependent variable: Built-up country.Position Within ArticleCensus informations indicate that the old termurbannext term population of Dhaka was merely 0.34 million in 1951, increasing to 2.6 million in 1974 with an one-year growing rate of 9.32 % during 1961-1974 ( Islam, 1999 ) . By 1981, the population had reached 3.44 million. The population reached 6.92 million in 1991 and 10.7 million by 2001 ( BBS, 2001 ) . Presently, the population of Dhaka is more than 12 million with an one-year mean growing of 5 % , compared to the national growing of 2.1 % ( Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( BBS ) , 2005 and [ The World Bank, 2007 ] ) . The rapid growing of the old termurbannext term population has chiefly resulted from rural-previous termurbannext term migration and estimates show that more than 60 % of people in Dhaka have migrated from rural countries ( Islam, 1991 ) . Intelligibly, this addition in the population had the consequence of i ncreasing force per unit area on the limited resource-base, and significantly contributed to the old termexpansion of urbannext term countries by glade of natural flora and infilling of low-lying countries. Table 5 clearly shows that old termurban expansionnext term is positively related to population growing. Dhaka ‘s economic development is another factor that has contributed to rapid urbanisation. For illustration, Dhaka ‘s gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) was about 11,312 million Taka1 in 1976, 129,665 million Taka in 1992 and 162,490 million Taka in 1995. Presently, the GDP of Dhaka is 354,240 million Taka and the metropolis ‘s portion of the national economic system is 19 % ( BBS, 2005 ) . The economic development associated with the roar in ready-made garments since the 1980s has had a important impact on old termexpansionnext term of the metropolis country. This economic activity has besides resulted in a big inflow of rural-previous termurbannext term migrators in the same period ( Islam, 1996 ) . In add-on, Dhaka supports more than 40 % of Bangladesh ‘s industry, farther suggesting that the economic development and industrialisation has led to a higher rate of old termurban expansion.next term The arrested development analysis revealed that GDP exercised positive effects on old termurban land expansionnext term ( Table 5 ) . As in other old termurbannext term centres, the way of old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka has been extremely influenced by its physical scene, peculiarly its topography. The four major rivers, swamps and depressions within and around the metropolis have ever played a polar function in the development of built-up countries in the metropolis. Urbanization ab initio occurred in the elevated countries that were non affected by inundation. Once all the elevated places had been developed, the lifting demand of old termurban landnext term has been met by the transmutation of low-lying countries, vegetated countries and wetlands. The development of wetlands, for case, has led to a significant loss of natural resources and an addition in habitat debasement. The growing of belongings developers has accelerated invasion of old termurbannext term countries on wetlands and threatens biodiversity. Two geophysical indexs were used in the arrested development analysis ( Table 5 ) and found th at lift has major influence on old termurban expansionnext term while incline has non passed the important trial.DecisionsThis survey has assessed LULC old termchangesnext term and the kineticss of old termurban expansionnext term in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh utilizing RS informations in concurrence with socio-economic variables. old termUrban expansionnext term was quantified for the last 28 old ages utilizing the post-classification comparing technique. Greater Dhaka was found to hold experienced rapid old termchangesnext term in LULC, peculiarly in built-up/previous termurbannext term countries. Analysis revealed that old termurbannext term countries increased by 6131A hour angle during 1975-1992 and 4422A hour angle from 1992 to 2003, which resulted in a significant decrease in the country of H2O organic structures, flora, cultivated countries and wetlands/lowland. The dramatic old termexpansion of the urbannext term countries of Dhaka exhibited clear spatio-temporal differences . The transition of H2O organic structures, flora and low-lying countries to old termurban landnext term has caused extended and varied environmental debasement in the survey country, and the exposure to implosion therapy and the growing of slums have been the chief negative results associated with the rapid old termurbannext term development. old termUrban land expansionnext term has been mostly driven by lift, population growing and economic development. Integrated usage of GIS, RS and socio-economic informations could therefore be efficaciously used to understand the spatial and temporal kineticss of LULC old termchanges.next term The reading and categorization of RS informations were utile for gauging the rate and spacial form of the old termurban expansionnext term in Greater Dhaka of Bangladesh. As dependable and current informations are missing for Bangladesh, the old termlandnext term usage maps produced in this survey will lend to both the development of sustainable old termurban landnext term usage planning determinations and besides for calculating possible hereafter old termchangesnext term in growing forms.