Importance of Exercising Over Dietary Pills Essay

Importance of Exercising Over Dietary Pills - Essay Example The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations on dietary supplements are less strict compared to those applied on medication hence creating a loophole for unscrupulous dealers to make money while posing serious health effects to the users (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1). Transition- As evidenced above, dietary supplements may cause serious health effects on human beings if not carefully used. However, there is a simple solution to the problem. Many people have always pointed out the importance of physical exercises in healthcare management. Physical exercises help to combat some health conditions and diseases. According to the Harvard School of Public Health, physical exercises help to reduce the chances of getting heart diseases, certain types of cancer and osteoporosis (1). Therefore, implementing physical exercises will have several advantages to people as opposed to the use of dietary pills. Think about a healthy population without incurring excessive medical care expenditures. According to the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, healthcare benefits associated with physical exercises are hard to ignore (1). This has several implications both nationally and at the individual level B. Closing statement- Therefore, I challenge all the listeners to consider using physical exercises as their healthcare management plan. This way, extra expenditure on medical costs and purchase of expensive dietary pills will be reduced significantly.

A Comparison and Analysis of Two Works of Art Term Paper

A Comparison and Analysis of Two Works of Art - Term Paper Example The essay "A Comparison and Analysis of Two Works of Art" compares Willem de Kooning's "Woman 1" and Fernand Leger's "Woman with a Book". The simplicity of the art is appealing to the eye and the intrinsic blend of color is magnificent in a unique way. One of Fernand’s common quotes is creating art that everyone can understand. â€Å"Woman with a book† supports the latter claim by the simplistic, yet magnificent nature of its presentation. The technique and simplicity captivates the eyes of viewers visiting the gallery on the fifth floor at the MOMA. The plain background of art brings out the type of lines that Fernand uses to bring out the features of the woman. The most captivating thing about the piece of art is the expressionless face of the woman. This arouses curiosity from the art viewers trying to perceive the mood of the art and its context. Understanding a little about Fernand could shine a light on the latter. Là ©ger’s career started after he began s howing talent in fine art. Since his birth in rural France, his family prepared him to take over the family business of cattle dealership. He enrolled in architecture school after showing a talent in art and later to various colleges where he mastered several methods of artistic impressionism. Between 1905 and 1907, Là ©ger had no cubism painting; it was mainly impressionistic. By the time he went to fight as a soldier in World War 1, however, Là ©ger had fully adopted cubism and his work recognised along Pablo Picasso. Là ©ger’s form of cubism was unique.

Case Study Of Starbucks In Hong Kong Marketing Essay

Case Study Of Starbucks In Hong Kong Marketing Essay Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Research Background and Motivation Hong Kong is a cosmopolitan metropolis, it embodies both Eastern and Western traditions. Due to its rich cultural diversity and transnational lifestyle, the city offers a wide variety of international catering which is served in more than ten thousand coffee shops and food outlets. In recent years, the rapid growth of food and beverage industry in Hong Kong draws more attention from public. According to the results of the 2011 Annual Survey of Economic Activities Restaurant Sectors amounted to HK$89,300 million in 2011, representing an increase of 6% over 2010, and 12% over 2009.( Appendix A) Analysed by Food services, in 2010 total receipts of fast food shops increased in value by 8.4% over 2009, this amounted to HK$18,719.6M. Other eating and drinking services increased by 7.4% in value, this amounted to HK$35,100.8M in 2010. (Appendix B) This result obviously shows that snack and beverage industry continues to expand in the market. Coffee is a very political commodity, Roseberry says. Among coffee men, there is a growing interest in social and environmental issues by the coffee roasters of these organizations. Coffee-consuming-world represents a kind of social lifestyle as it is rooted in centuries in the Western countries. Coffee consumption in Hong Kong is 1.1 kg per capita (World Resource Institute). Nowadays, coffee is not just a pure drink for this modern generation, it is also a symbol of new spiritual lifestyle. Eating or drinking in a coffeehouse is not only a demand for coffees quality, taste and convenience, but also pursuit of fashionable leisure and elegant lifestyle. In the popular cultural discourses, Starbucks is described as driving out local coffee shops. It imposes a standardized culture on local communities, and invites consumers into a social gathering place. This culture presents the values, beliefs, customs and tastes produced or practiced by this group of people. (Solomon, Marchall Stuar t, 2008) Snacking with colleagues or friends after work provides a major socializing opportunity in Hong Kong. Young customers prefer to visit coffee shops for leisure time. Even working people are likely to use the coffee shops as their work places. Coffee shops provide an informal setting for social encounters, and more importantly these structured environments do not command a great deal of time or money from the customers, this is a small but significant move to redefine this new lifestyle in Hong Kong. Starbucks Coffee Company is the leading retailer, roaster and brand of specialty coffee in the world. There is a total of 17,003 stores in the world (as of 02 Oct. 2011) and 115 stores in Hong Kong, since its first store launched in Centrals Exchange Square in May 2000. (Appendix C) Starbucks brings the coffee experience to you! This is what Starbucks commits, and indeed, it has established as the linchpins of a desirable coffee shop experience, a systematic influence on the socio-cultural. (Craig J. Thompson,2004) In Starbucks stores, people can be immediately associated with a relaxed and intelligent experience, this is just the image of Experiential Branding which Starbucks creates. Every aspect from the posters to the Starbucks logo gives the experience it intends to portray. It is the calm atmosphere which the brand presents that not only draws people into the store, but also makes people linger and return more regularly! What is Experiential Branding? It is a discipline of how consumers understand and define the brands in terms of the experience they deliver and the lenses through which they are evaluated. Experiences are a fourth economic offering. Pine and Gilmore describe in the Experience Economy in 2003, if the consumer buys the experience, he will spend time to enjoy a series of memorable events and engage himself in his personal way. Good examples are Ritz-Carlton which offers new value to its customers in hospitality experiences by its welcome gifts; and Apple which provides in-store Genius Bars to build a remarkable experience for its customers. Yet in 2006, Robert Passikoff argues in his book Predicting Market Success that the 4P Marketing Mix cannot work effectively without Customer engagement, Customer expectations and Customer loyalty(3C). These initiatives have conspired dramatically to take place of 4P Marketing Mix in todays economic world. Nowadays more and more people focus on quality of life as they are not just living for food and warmth(Pine Gilmore,1998), they are now looking for a higher spiritual experience which is a kind of environmental service to decrease their stress from work. Many researches on marketing management are for strategies, products, services, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, and so on, but not too many on experiential marketing and branding. Although there are a lot of studies and researches on Starbucks, some other well-known companies are even less researched on Customer Experience in Hong Kong. This research will further the previous study structure to investigate the connections among Customer Experience, Brand Image and Customer Loyalty, and hope to find out how Starbucks carries out its commitment and how it strives to win the customers loyalty in this competitive market. 1.2 Research purposes Western lifestyle has been popular in Hong Kong for decades due to its special historical background. The new generation especially, eats out more often than their parents, and these new consumers have created a huge demand for leisure and carefree consumption places. As a pioneer in most new markets in the world, Starbucks seized the new information in Hong Kong and set up its first store in 2000. By May 2008, it had expanded to over 100 stores without spending much cost on advertising for this market! How actually does it attract these local consumers? Due to the economic development, the improved living standards, Goods and services are no longer enough (Pine Gilmore,1998). Todays consumers expect more from companies than ever before. The consumer environment has been gradually changed into a new experience economy era. People are seeking for a more spiritual than material experience. Catering has changed to a culture and art as customers pursue a modern and playful lifestyle. To survive in this new competitive economy, the company must not only concentrate on market strategies, brand image, innovation features, service quality, decoration and setting, but also a full range of service process planning, so as to create continuous profits for the business. Based on this researchs background and motivation, business operators have emphasis on quality of product, innovation of management, and service differentiation to create the customer experience in this keen competitive catering industry. Tom Peters (2007) believes a good brand image can attract the consumers recognition and enhance customer satisfaction gradually, to obtain customer loyalty by every positive experience. This research targets 10 Starbucks stores randomly in Hong Kong, to explore the customers experience, brand image, and loyalty, so as to find out what consumers experience on this new lifestyle, and gain in-depth understanding to develop effective marketing strategies, and to maximize the customers perceived experiential value. 1.4.1. Customer: It means a party that receives or a person who consumes products or services and he has the ability to choose between different products and suppliers. Robert Passikoff (2006) interprets that usually customers can finally find out below 4P: The Products(services) that they are interested in. The Places this product may be purchased. The Prices are competitive or not. The power and control of Promotion. Though, one important point to be noticed is that a customer does not mean a consumer, as there are External Customer and Internal Customer(Tennant,2001). External Customer is not directly connected to the organization. Internal Customer is a person who directly connects to the organization, and they may be stakeholders. In this research, customer means the person who spends money in Starbucks stores in Hong Kong. 1.4.2. Customer Experience: It refers to individuals accumulating to produce a kind of experience after a period of time or activities, by this experience, a subjective psychological state will be created(Pine Gilmore,1998). In this study, the experience is defined as a subjective mental emotional response, evaluation and cognition to Starbucks. Experience begins with an interaction between the customer and the product or the company(Dinna LaSalle,2003), thus, it cannot happen without the customers involvement. Customers spend time and money to get more memorable or more highly valued experiences (Pine Gilmore,1998), the value of experience lingers in the memories, yet experience results in thoughts or feelings and both can be positive and negative. Marketers manage to develop the positive experience. Moreover, if the company can deliver Value Experience to a customers life, that product or service will transcend its ordinary price to become extraordinary or even priceless! (Dinna LaSalle,2003) For this reason, economists summarized the recent marketing and economic research into happiness as experiences over commodities and entertainments. (Pine Gilmore,1998). Starbucks creates a calm atmosphere inside its stores to attract people to come in, linger and return. It introduces the concept of the Third Space a space other than home and work, where people can spend time studying, working on their laptops, reading, meeting friends or even holding their formal meetings! All stores have leather couches for those people who prefer to relax in comfort, and for those who want a more structured environment to study or work, there is a choice of tables with hard-backed chairs. Just like Starbucks says: Life happens over the coffee. 1.4.3. Brand image: This refers to the enterprise that provides products, services or engaged in community, it also relates to information and subjective impression in the consumers opinion.(Walters,1978) Starbucks maintains a unique coffee culture, as Zhang Xi says in Starbucks: The Kingdom of Coffee (2005), Coffee comes from west, Starbucks originates in the United States, but the culture of Starbucks coffee is from the world. This culture starts at the planting of every single coffee bean, as Howard Schultz persists in coffee quality, then merged with the traditional romantic European style of decoration in the stores, it comes out with a brand new experiential corporation culture, which is so-called today Starbucks Culture. Howard Schultz led a speech from the lectern in Shanghai National Accounting Institute on 3 June 2006, he tells the audience that Starbucks spends very little on advertising or promoting, but Statbucks brand image is recognized by everyone in the world! This is a practical example to explain when Experiential marketing is done right, the brand can be successful without expensive advertising campaigns or slashing its price! 1.4.4. Customer loyalty: This is a kind of satisfaction established by a customers full acceptance at the intended level. It also results in consumption or other derivative positive support behaviour. Customer loyalty metrics can measure how the consumer engages with a new product or service(Robert L. Desatnick,1988). Peter Drucker says, Those brands relying on advertisements cannot be better than those relying on customer loyalty. Thats why without customer loyalty and higher levels of engagement, business cannot be successful. Below are the examples that to recognize customer loyalty is a great profitable factor: Starbucks: Starbucks originally opened in Seattle in 1971 as a store that sold coffee beans equipment. Since Howard Schultz joined the company in 1983, the brand name now owns more than 17,000 stores, in over 55 countries around the world. This is just the best evidence that loyal customers contribute to the rapid growth of the business. Google: Have you ever noticed that Googles IPO price was US$85 on Aug 19, 2004? Today it is worth US$ 655.76 per share, that is an increase of 7.7 times over eight years. Its success has great relevance to its Google Loyalty Programs. Apple: How many people could ever have imagined the speed and growth of Apple? From its annual report in 2011, its net sales amount comes to US$46,333 Million, compared to 2010 which was US$26,741 Million, it has increased by 73% within ONE year. It is not easy to find if Apply offers any loyalty programs or discounts, but indeed Apple can win its fans loyalty through its rapidly changing products! It meets customers expectations and excitement.

The Country of Libya Essay -- essays research papers

Libya Libya is a Country located in northern Africa, 90% of Libya’s land is covered by the Sahara Desert. There are no lakes or rivers, all of the country’s water supply is from underground. Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa, but largely due to its vast desert environment, the population is less than most of the other countries. Libya also has no water above ground, everything comes either from the ocean or the underground water systems that irrigate the underside of Libya. Libya’s flag is solid green, the only flag in the world with one colour and design, Libya also has a huge history of religions and cultured as well as some of the oldest architecture on the planet. Location Libya is located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea which provides a northern coastal border. On the east Libya borders Egypt and Sudan and on the west Libya borders Tunisia and Algeria. To the south Libya has Chad and Niger as neighboring countries. One may ask what type of relations that Libya has with these bordering countries. Libya occupies a very interesting position. Libya has a long history of great trade relations with these other countries. Trade between these countries has depended on two types of routes which are the â€Å"western† route and the â€Å"commercial† route. The commercial route is used every season and leads to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Place Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometers (679,182 square miles), making it the 16th largest nation in the world. The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The northern regions however enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. Geographic regions: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. The chief cities are the capital Tripoli in northwest Libya and Bengh... ...hat covers the body from the knees to the neck regardless of the temperature, which sometimes can go above 40 degrees C. Certain beaches especially for tourists are also available. All drugs and alcohol are banned and this applies to all visitors. Libya is one of the safest countries in the world since the crime rate is very low. You do not need to be concerned about your safety in Libya, although you may get lots of fascinated looks from the locals if you travel there. Arabic is the main language and English is the second language. Almost everyone in Libya can speak English. Conclusion Libya, though very dry and uninhabited, contains much history and ancient architecture. It is a very interesting country, and to think that that much land can be covered by flat desert is amazing. Libya is a well run country and very populated considering the conditions. The Country of Libya Essay -- essays research papers Libya Libya is a Country located in northern Africa, 90% of Libya’s land is covered by the Sahara Desert. There are no lakes or rivers, all of the country’s water supply is from underground. Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa, but largely due to its vast desert environment, the population is less than most of the other countries. Libya also has no water above ground, everything comes either from the ocean or the underground water systems that irrigate the underside of Libya. Libya’s flag is solid green, the only flag in the world with one colour and design, Libya also has a huge history of religions and cultured as well as some of the oldest architecture on the planet. Location Libya is located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea which provides a northern coastal border. On the east Libya borders Egypt and Sudan and on the west Libya borders Tunisia and Algeria. To the south Libya has Chad and Niger as neighboring countries. One may ask what type of relations that Libya has with these bordering countries. Libya occupies a very interesting position. Libya has a long history of great trade relations with these other countries. Trade between these countries has depended on two types of routes which are the â€Å"western† route and the â€Å"commercial† route. The commercial route is used every season and leads to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Place Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometers (679,182 square miles), making it the 16th largest nation in the world. The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The northern regions however enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. Geographic regions: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. The chief cities are the capital Tripoli in northwest Libya and Bengh... ...hat covers the body from the knees to the neck regardless of the temperature, which sometimes can go above 40 degrees C. Certain beaches especially for tourists are also available. All drugs and alcohol are banned and this applies to all visitors. Libya is one of the safest countries in the world since the crime rate is very low. You do not need to be concerned about your safety in Libya, although you may get lots of fascinated looks from the locals if you travel there. Arabic is the main language and English is the second language. Almost everyone in Libya can speak English. Conclusion Libya, though very dry and uninhabited, contains much history and ancient architecture. It is a very interesting country, and to think that that much land can be covered by flat desert is amazing. Libya is a well run country and very populated considering the conditions.

Night: the Holocaust and Figurative Language

â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel is an autobiography in which Elie’s life during the Holocaust is explained. Elie Wiesel uses imagery, figurative language, and pathos as tools to express the horrors he experienced while living through a nightmare, the Holocaust. Elie describes his experiences with imagery. â€Å"Open rooms everywhere. Gaping doors and windows looked out into the woid. It all belonged to everyone since it no longer belonged to anyone. † â€Å"Some were crying. They used whatever strength they had left to cry. Why had they let themselves be brought here?Why didn’t they die in their beds? Their words were interspersed with sobs. † (35). Elie explains how people reacted to finding their friends alive. You can picture how desperately they cried with an understanding as to why they were crying. â€Å"The two men were no longer alive. Their tongues were hanging out, swollen and bluish. But the third rope was still moving: the child, too light, was still breathing. And so he remained for more than half an hour, lingering between life and death†¦He was still alive when I passed him.His tongue was still red, his eyes not yet extinguished† (64-65). As a way to show control, keep fear and prevent rebellion, â€Å"prisoners† were hung. Elie describes the gruesome hanging of a young boy as he died a slow, painful death. The imagery throughout the book describes, with detail, things that couldn’t be imagined alone. Elie writes his autobiography with figurative language. â€Å"My soul had been invaded-and devoured-by a black flame† (37). Elie no longer felt like he was living. He uses a metaphor to compare the feeling of his defeat to his soul being eaten. All I could hear was the violin, and it was as if Juliek’s soul had become his bow. He was playing his life. His whole being was gliding over the strings. His unfulfilled hopes. His charred past, his extinguished future. † (95). Elie meets Juliek, a man he knew before who played the violin in the Buna band, at the concentration camp in Buchenwald, and as Juliek plays his violin, Elie sees it as Julie expressing how he felt. Elie writes how Juliek and his violin symbolized everyone’s thoughts and feelings.Using different types of figurative language, Elie conveys the feelings of defeat and anguish they felt. The element of pathos is also used by Elie as means to describe his experience as he appeals to our emotions. â€Å"Not far from us, flames, huge flames, were rising from a ditch. Something was being burned there. A truck drew close and unloaded its hold: small children. Babies! Yes, I did see this with my own eyes †¦ children thrown into the flames. † (32). Elie describes how the ones that couldn’t work were treated.Because children were seen as a hindrance to the work, they were burned to their death. Even babies who haven’t had the chance to live life were mercilessly murd ered. â€Å"The idea of dying, of ceasing to be, began to fascinate me. To no longer exist. To no longer feel the excruciating pain of my foot. To no longer feel anything, neither fatigue nor cold, nothing. † (86). Elie was in so much pain living, her felt that dying would feel better then living. He was suffering so much to the point where he would even accept death if it came.Elie writes with pathos, as he appeals to the readers’ emotions. Elie Wiesel’s autobiography, â€Å"Night†, uses many components in writing a story that would indulge readers as they read how he lived and felt during the Holocaust. He uses things such as imagery, figurative language, and pathos as means to do so. The pain, the horrors, the fear, the defeat felt during that nightmare, the Holocaust; things that we wouldn’t ever be able to truly understand unless we experienced it, he tries his best to speak of his experience as a survivor.

Imperialism and socialism in the context of Africa Essay

Cecil Rhodes Social Darwinism advocate states, â€Å"I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better†¦Ã¢â‚¬  King Leopold of Belgium, â€Å"To open to civilization the only part of the globe where it has yet to penetrate †¦is, I dare to say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress.† From the above assertions, it is prudent to note that, colonial powers thought Africa to be devoid of an organization in social, political and economic perspective and therefore they wanted â€Å"to make Africa, England.† In that thought of naivety of the Africans, there were societal structures and organizations which British did not care to observe. However, it was not going to be easy as where two or three cultures interact a clash is inevitable. Although Africa was not a plain or bear continent, Africans had their way of life, structure of government, religion, economic activities, education, systems of marriage and development plans for their societies, nevertheless the British brought their systems which conflicted with Africans established way of life, this was because the British, as many other European powers were economically depressed and Africa appeared to be the only way out. The British wanted to pass the three C’s; Commerce, that is to make money through the acquisition of free labor form Africans, raw materials for their industries as industrial revolution back in Britain was rapidly taking place, a market for their surplus production; Christianity to save Africans.Explorers such as David Livingstone, Vasco Da Gama, Portuguese Diego Cam and Arabs with Muslim faith had missionary zeal. The last C is for Civilization, they wanted to civilize Africans in terms of education, culture and many other aspects. Thu s, to a larger extent, the activities of British heartened conflicts. African traditional religion is rooted in the African culture, it was difficult for Christianity to penetrate through. Portuguese tried in the fifteen century and failed. For Christianity to take the course the Africans had to abandon their culture which was hard so to say. The Missionaries in the nineteenth century, however, came up with an elaborate plan for them to spread Christianity. They introduced through religion, education and health centers which contradicted informal learning and the institution of medicine men. Africans gradually began to embrace Whiteman’s way of life but not without several clashes. These battles are seen in various forms such as spiritual, doctrinal, cultural and practical. The African religion has been given several definitions by different scholars, for instance, Mbiti has elaborated aspects of African religion. In his book African Traditional Religion, Mbiti (1991) African religion is very pragmatic and realistic (p2), he explains that it is applied in circumstances where the need arises. In addition, he states that religion is rooted in the local language, so to comprehend the religious life of an African society one has to understand the local dialect. He further affirms, â€Å"To be an African in the traditional setup is to be truly religious.† (p30) He states that the religion can be seen in five aspects of culture; beliefs, practices, ceremonies and festivals, religious objects and places, values, and morals and religious officials and leaders. He defines African religion as: â€Å"The product of the thinking and experiences of our forefathers and mothers that is men and women of their generations. They formed religious ideas, they observed religious ceremonies and rituals, they told proverbs and myths which safeguarded the life of individual and his community.(pp 13-14) Mbiti notes that African religion has no scriptures as compared to Christianity and other religions, it is written in peoples history, hearts and experiences of the people.(p14) Awolalu in his book Sin and its Removal in the African Traditional Religion defines African religion as â€Å"†¦largely written in the people’s myth and folktales, in their songs and dances, in their liturgies and shrines and in their proverbs and pithy sayings. It is a religion whose historical founder is neither known nor worshipped; it is a religion that has no zeal for the membership drive, yet it offers persistent fascination for Africans, young and old.† The African traditional religion was not homogeneous as the communities had different ethnic background thus the religious practices such rituals varied one community to the other. It is worth noting that it was oral, not scripted or written and was passed from one generation to the other by word of mouth, as I earlier alluded in the definitions of religion. Within their organized societal structures, Africans believed in supernatural beings together with ancestral spirits. The ancestral spirits were believed to link the living societal members to the gods. Therefore, the African traditional religion was and still is interweaved to the African culture. From the above insights, one cannot talk about African religion without African values as they are intertwined and inseparable. African religion was embedded in moral values or codes or standards which were believed to originate from God through the ancestral spirits, these values when observed one would be rewarded with maybe good harvest from their cultivation of land or increased number of the flock of cattle. When these values have violated the culprits were reprimanded. The concept of values is a vital point as one talks of the African religion. For that reason, African religion is drawn from the African values and Culture. African Culture was the source of law through the moral codes and values passed from generation to generation. From the above description, we can see that law or rules of conduct were embedded in religion and that African religion was interweaved in the African culture. Local dialect was the medium through which African culture and religion were propagated. The African religion had some institutions as Mbiti points out in the aspects of African religion, who presided over religious functions, these institutions were believed to communicate directly to ancestral spirits (living dead) who in turn would communicate to the gods and grievances of the living societal members would be heard. In the Kenyan context, these institutions include Orkoyot of the Nandi, Oloibon of the Maasai, Seers, Diviners, and Rainmakers depending on the ethnic communities which they came from. These institutions apart from the veneration of the ancestors, they blessed warrior before going for war, advised the political leaders, offered sacrifice to god and conducted rituals for the culprits who violated moral values in the community. The gods had some specific names for instance, in Kenyan context, we had Enkai for the Maasai, Encore for the Abagusii, Mulungu for Akamba, Asis the Nandi, Ngai for the Agikuyu and Nyasaye for the Luo. There were specific worship plac es which were regarded as holy, this places included shrines, mountaintops some special trees such as mugumo, hills, and some caves. The diversity of the names given to gods and places of worship, show the lack of uniformity in the African Religion. Consequently, Africans were of different ethnic background and had their own religion, gods, and religion as a community. The clashes can be seen in the five aspects as earlier alluded in Mbiti’s work that is beliefs, practices, ceremonies, festivals, religious objects and places, values, and morals, religious officials and leaders. These aspects of African religion differ from those of Christianity. The Africans believed that their religion was sourced from god, who they believed long before their ancestors’ existence. The British Missionaries conflict with Africans by telling them about the existence of a God who had a son and lived among them many years ago. The religion of British was written (Bible) thus one had to have the ability to read and write in order to understand it, whereas that of African was passed from generation to generation by oral tradition. There is an introduction of a new system of identifying the origin of religion which conflicts with the African system. Language is also conflicted as Africans could not comprehend English, hence missionaries such as Ludwig Krapf translated the Bible into the local dialect. The Africans revered in special caves, Mountaintops, hills, Forests, Special trees (mugumo) and shrines. The British tell Africans that they should worship God places called Churches. This encounter shows that there is a bit of clashing as the African places were very clearly defined and preserved by the community members. The British also seized African land to construct churches or chapels, Africans, as a result, became very hostile as they had distinct worship places which occurred naturally. They believed that their land was in cultivation and a gift from their gods. The Africans practiced their religion by reverence to their ancestors, offering human and animal sacrifices and invoking the ancestral spirits, for instance, the Umira Kager clan believed in spirits in the S.M Otieno case. They offered sacrifices in order to get favors in terms of harvest. The African worship was communal that is, all community members used to convene to pray for rain and ask for the wellness of the community. The British religion had an aspect of confession of one`s sins before worship, repentance, and forgiveness of sin are granted. This aspect of forgiveness of sins lacks in the traditional African religion, one had to be punished for wrongdoing. British missionary religion brings out an aspect of offerings in terms of money and tithe which is ten percent of one`s total earnings. The British advocated for human rights and therefore disregarded and condemned human sacrifices. In African religion, worship was led by Diviners, Rainmakers, and Seers who were considered righteous. The work of religious leaders was taught through apprecentiship and was hereditary from specific clans in the community. There were certain clans from whom diviners would descend. They were highly respected in the community. The British Christian religious leaders attend school to be trained mainly in theology. They study formalities of worship and nature of God. Any member of Christian family can become a religious leader although there are some myths which say one has to be ‘called’ by God. A Christian leader has to have the ability to read and write so as to pass the scriptures to his congregation. African traditional religion was diverse from one ethnic community to the other due to the linguistic differences, migration patterns and origin. Christianity is introduced as a homogeneous religion as the author of it is Jesus Christ, a common ancestry and reference point for all Christians. The diversity of worship is dismantled by the British introduction of this even religion. Africans were notoriously religious as it was found in each group. Africans who lived as per the traditional way of life were regarded as very religious.it is also worth acknowledging that Africans are at crossroads due to the fact that religion is embedded in the African culture and language. It is thus difficult for Africans to fully be committed to Christianity as being fully whole-hearted means they will have to abandon some of the partaking of African culture and indigenous dialect by embracing the Whiteman’s language and culture. This has already happened as some dedicated African Christians according to Quarcoopome (1987), refer to traditional religion as paganism, fetish, and animism. References. Awolalo, JO, Sin and Its Removal from the African Traditional Religion (1976) History and Government Form One to Four, KLB Fourth Edition. The People of Kenya Up to the 19th Century Kwasi W, Towards Decolonizing African Religion and Philosophy, African Studies (1998) Quarterly volume 1 Issue 4. Ojwang’ JB and Mugambi JNK (eds), The SM Otieno case, Death and Burial in Modern Kenya, (1989) Nairobi University press Mbiti, JS, African Religion and Philosophy, Oxford, England, (1999) Heinemann Educational Publishers. Mbiti, JS, Introduction to African Religion Oxford, England, (1991) Heinemann Educational Publishers. Uchenna O, African Crossroads: Conflict between African Traditional Religion and Christianity, (2008) The International Journal of Humanities vol 6 No. 2 Quarcoopome, TNO, West African traditional religion. Ibadan, Nigeria: (1987) African Universities Press. NAME: MUNYALO, DANIEL MUTHENGI REG.NO: G34/102614/2017 COURSE: GPR 100 LEGAL RESEARCH AND WRITING CONVENER: DR. NKATHA KABIRA â€Å"The encounter between the British and Africans was a case of two worlds colliding.† Discuss†¦